Sumoylation of the zinc finger protein ZXDC enhances the function of its transcriptional activation domain
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Abstract
The transcription of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) genes is dependent on the co-activator protein class II trans-activator (CIITA). We have recently identified a protein known as zinc finger X-linked duplicated family member C (ZXDC) that, along with its binding partner ZXDA, forms a complex that interacts with CIITA and regulates MHC II transcription. Western blot analysis with anti-ZXDC antibodies identified two species of the ZXDC protein, one migrating near its predicted molecular mass and one with slower electrophoretic mobility. We report here that the slower migrating form is the result of sumoylation at a single lysine residue within the transcriptional activation domain of ZXDC. Three SUMO proteins (SUMO-1, -2 and -3) can modify the ZXDC protein. Multiple SUMO E3 ligase enzymes and HDAC4 can facilitate ZXDC sumoylation, and one ligase, PIASy, interacts with a specific region of the ZXDC protein. We found that sumoylation does not appear to disrupt or modulate the interaction of ZXDC with its binding partners. Rather, sumoylation of ZXDC is required for full activity of the transcriptional activation domain. Our findings suggest that sumoylation is an important regulator of ZXDC.
©2007 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
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Articles in the same Issue
- To our authors, readers and subscribers ‘Just Accepted’ feature at http://www.atypon-link.com/WDG/loi/bchm
- Paper of the Year 2006: Award to Pamela Hamill
- The endosymbiotic origin of organelles: an ancient process still very much in fashion
- Solute channels of the outer membrane: from bacteria to chloroplasts
- Diverse mechanisms and machineries for import of mitochondrial proteins
- Transport of nuclear-encoded proteins into secondarily evolved plastids
- Mechanisms of protein import into thylakoids of chloroplasts
- Molecular machinery of mitochondrial dynamics in yeast
- Chloroplast photorelocation movement mediated by phototropin family proteins in green plants
- Plastid division in an evolutionary context
- Variability of the mitochondrial genome in mammals at the inter-species/intra-species boundary
- Diversity of proteasomal missions: fine tuning of the immune response
- Cellular expression of plasma prekallikrein in human tissues
- Sumoylation of the zinc finger protein ZXDC enhances the function of its transcriptional activation domain
- Josephin domain-containing proteins from a variety of species are active de-ubiquitination enzymes
- Cysteine protease inhibitors reduce brain β-amyloid and β-secretase activity in vivo and are potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics
