The WW Domain of Dystrophin Requires EF-Hands Region to Interact with β-Dystroglycan
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S. Rentschler
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dystrophin is a 427 kDa protein thought to act as a link between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Perturbations of the dystrophin-associated complex, for example, between dystrophin and the transmembrane glycoprotein β-dystroglycan, may lead to muscular dystrophy. Previously, the cysteine-rich region and first half of the carboxy-terminal domain of dystrophin were shown to interact with β-dystroglycan through a stretch of fifteen amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of β-dystroglycan. This region of dystrophin implicated in binding β-dystroglycan contains four modular protein domains: a WW domain, two putative Ca2+-binding EF-hand motifs, and a putative zinc finger ZZ domain. The WW domain is a globular domain of 38–40 amino acids with two highly conserved tryptophan residues spaced 20–22 amino acids apart. A subset of WW domains was shown to bind ligands that contain a Pro-Pro-x-Tyr core motif (where x is any amino acid). Here we elucidate the role of the WW domain of dystrophin and surrounding sequence in binding β-dystroglycan. We show that the WW domain of dystrophin along with the EF-hand motifs binds to the carboxy-terminus of β-dystroglycan. Through site-specific mutagenesis and in vitro binding assays, we demonstrate that binding of dystrophin to the carboxyterminus of β-dystroglycan occurs via a β-dystroglycan Pro-Pro-x-Tyr core motif. Targeted mutagenesis of conserved WW domain residues reveals that the dystrophin/β-dystroglycan interaction occurs primarily through the WW domain of dystrophin. Precise mapping of this interaction could aid in therapeutic design.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
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- Protein Kinase C-α Produces Reciprocal Effects on the Phorbol Ester Stimulated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of a 50 kDa Kinase in Jurkat Cells
- Growth- and Development-Dependent Expression of Gangliosides in Rat Hepatocytes and Liver Tissues
- Regulated Phosphorylation of the Gal4p Inhibitor Gal80p of <I>Kluyveromyces lactis</I> Revealed by Mutational Analysis
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- Purification and MALDI-MS Characterization of Stressin, a Stress-Associated Glycoprotein
- Direct Selection of EGF Mutants Displayed on Filamentous Phage Using Cells Overexpressing EGF Receptor
- Refolding Studies on the Tetrameric Loop Deletion Mutant RM6 of ROP Protein
- Secretion of Protease Nexin-II/Amyloid β Protein Precursor by Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells and Its Modulation by Cytokines/Growth Factors and Proteinase Inhibitors
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