8. Sources of error in colour measurements

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter 1
2. Preface 5
3. Contents 7
4. I. Fundamentals of colour perception 15
5. II. Colour measurement, colour measurement systems and visual colour assessment
6. 1. Principles behind measuring coloured surfaces 47
7. 2. Measuring geometries 52
8. 3. Measuring geometries for special effect pigments 61
9. 4. Sample preparation 66
10. 5. Recommended colourimetric conditions 68
11. 6. Influence of the surface 70
12. 7. Special case: optical brighteners and fluorescence 72
13. 8. Sources of error in colour measurements 73
14. 9. Profiling of measuring instruments and colour management 76
15. 10. Non-contact colour measurement 77
16. III. Visual colour assessment 79
17. IV. Colour-order systems 85
18. V. Instrumental colour difference assessment 98
19. VI. Definition and application of colour tolerances 117
20. VII. Pigment optics – physical processes
21. 1. Colour-generating processes 137
22. 2. Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference 140
23. 3. Mie theory 143
24. 4. Kubelka-Munk function for opaque layers 149
25. 5. Saunderson correction: how surfaces influence the outcome of reflectance measurements 151
26. 6. Kubelka-Munk equation for transparent layers 156
27. 7. Multi-flux theory 157
28. VIII. Practical applications 165
29. IX. Measuring the texture of effect finishes 172
30. X. Characterisation of pigments
31. 1. Inorganic pigments – characterisation 180
32. 2. Organic pigments – characterisation 185
33. 3. Characterisation of aluminium pigments 198
34. 4. Characterisation of pearlescent pigments and special effect pigments 202
35. XI. Recipe prediction
36. 1. Recipe prediction for solid colours 224
37. 2. Calibration of colourants 226
38. 3. Computer-aided correction of colour recipes 228
39. 4. Practical colour-recipe prediction of gonioapparent colours 231
40. 5. The profitability of colour recipe calculation 237
41. 6. Guidelines for formulating and matching object colours 242
42. 7. Recipe dosability 250
43. 8. Structure of colour mixing systems 251
44. 9. Optimisation of colour mixing systems 255
45. 10. Colour gamuts and the limits of colour matching 258
46. XII. Microscopic analysis of effect pigments 263
47. Autors 287
48. Index 291