Chapter 4 The importance of the feed spacer compared to the membrane in biofouling prevention

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Acknowledgments V
3. Preface VII
4. Abstract IX
5. Contents XI
6. About the author XXI
7. Abbreviations XXIII
8. Aim of this book XXV
9. Chapter 1 Reverse osmosis fundamentals 1
10. Chapter 2 Biofouling fundamentals 32
11. Chapter 3 Membrane fouling simulators: a quick tool for studying biofouling and why biofouling does not depend on flux 50
12. Chapter 4 The importance of the feed spacer compared to the membrane in biofouling prevention 64
13. Chapter 5 Effect of temperature and development of quick biofouling test 83
14. Chapter 6 Differentiating between biofouling and organic fouling during operation 98
15. Chapter 7 Differentiating between biofouling and organic fouling on a membrane surface 105
16. Chapter 8 Biofouling starts to develop before pressure drop starts to increase 120
17. Chapter 9 Biofouling mainly happens in the lead elements 128
18. Chapter 10 Biocides do not fully prevent biofouling 142
19. Chapter 11 Visualizing biofouling on the membrane surface 149
20. Chapter 12 Why preventing biofouling matters 166
21. Chapter 13 Limiting nutrients to prevent biofouling in brackish water 175
22. Chapter 14 Limiting nutrients to prevent biofouling in wastewater 193
23. Chapter 15 Limiting nutrients to prevent biofouling in seawater: part 1 209
24. Chapter 16 Limiting nutrients to prevent biofouling in seawater: part 2 225
25. Index 237
26. Back cover 241