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AI in the Courtroom: The Right to a Human Judge?

  • Ellen Lefley und Mimi Zou
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The De Gruyter Handbook on Law and Digital Technologies
Ein Kapitel aus dem Buch The De Gruyter Handbook on Law and Digital Technologies

Abstract

There is growing global interest in how AI can improve access to justice, including how it can increase court capacity. This chapter considers the potential future use of AI to resolve disputes in the place of the judiciary. We focus our analysis on the right to a fair trial as outlined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and ask: do we have a right to a human judge? We firstly identify several challenges to interpreting and applying Article 6 in this new context, before considering the principle of human dignity, which has received little attention to date. Arguing that human dignity is an interpretative principle which incorporates protection from dehumanization, we propose it provides a deeper, or ‘thicker’ reading of Article 6. Applied to this context, we identify risks of dehumanization posed by judicial AI, including not being heard, or not being subject to human judgment or empathy. We conclude that a thicker reading of Article 6 informed by human dignity strongly suggests the need to preserve human judges at the core of the judicial process in the age of AI.

Abstract

There is growing global interest in how AI can improve access to justice, including how it can increase court capacity. This chapter considers the potential future use of AI to resolve disputes in the place of the judiciary. We focus our analysis on the right to a fair trial as outlined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and ask: do we have a right to a human judge? We firstly identify several challenges to interpreting and applying Article 6 in this new context, before considering the principle of human dignity, which has received little attention to date. Arguing that human dignity is an interpretative principle which incorporates protection from dehumanization, we propose it provides a deeper, or ‘thicker’ reading of Article 6. Applied to this context, we identify risks of dehumanization posed by judicial AI, including not being heard, or not being subject to human judgment or empathy. We conclude that a thicker reading of Article 6 informed by human dignity strongly suggests the need to preserve human judges at the core of the judicial process in the age of AI.

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Contents V
  3. Authors’ Biographies IX
  4. Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Digital Technologies and Social Transformation
  6. Cyber-Humans and Robotics 7
  7. Online Disinformation: Regulatory Issues and Approaches in the European Legal Landscape 31
  8. Agile Governance: Japanese Approach to Governing Cyber-Physical Systems 53
  9. Blockchain and Access to Justice 75
  10. Data Protection, Privacy, and Unfalsifiable Predictions 95
  11. The WTO in the Digital Age of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Global Trade Governance: Some Fundamental Considerations 123
  12. When EU Law Meets (Large) Language Models 147
  13. The Charge of AI Systems, Smart Robots, and Information Technologies in Healthcare: A Normative Look into the Future 173
  14. Part II: The Legal Framework
  15. Sovereign Powers and Digital Liberties 191
  16. Technology As Regulation: Tensions, Transitions, and Tectonic Shifts in Governance 211
  17. The Law of Data-Driven Trade 229
  18. From AI Risks to Legal and Ethical AI Governance: A Four-Dimension Framework 251
  19. Agents and Persons? AI Systems Acting in the World and the Limits of Legal Personality 279
  20. Regulation by Design: Reshaping the Relationship between Technology Development and Law 303
  21. AI in the Courtroom: The Right to a Human Judge? 327
  22. Regulating AI Autonomy: A Constitutional Framework for the Digital Era 353
  23. Part III: Key Normative Challenges
  24. The Social Classification of Robots by Perceived Race and Gender 383
  25. Mission Impossible? Artificial Intelligence, Space Debris, and the Legal Implications for Space Sustainability 417
  26. Fintech: A Renaissance moment for Finance and its Regulation? 445
  27. Data Protection as a Normative Problem 483
  28. Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability and Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence: The approach of the EU AI Act 503
  29. Research Data Governance in a Digital Age 525
  30. From AI Ethics Principles to Practices: A Teleological Methodology to Apply AI Ethics Principles in the Defense Domain 549
  31. Labor Law and Automated Systems in the EU 571
  32. Index
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111346632-016

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Contents V
  3. Authors’ Biographies IX
  4. Introduction 1
  5. Part I: Digital Technologies and Social Transformation
  6. Cyber-Humans and Robotics 7
  7. Online Disinformation: Regulatory Issues and Approaches in the European Legal Landscape 31
  8. Agile Governance: Japanese Approach to Governing Cyber-Physical Systems 53
  9. Blockchain and Access to Justice 75
  10. Data Protection, Privacy, and Unfalsifiable Predictions 95
  11. The WTO in the Digital Age of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Global Trade Governance: Some Fundamental Considerations 123
  12. When EU Law Meets (Large) Language Models 147
  13. The Charge of AI Systems, Smart Robots, and Information Technologies in Healthcare: A Normative Look into the Future 173
  14. Part II: The Legal Framework
  15. Sovereign Powers and Digital Liberties 191
  16. Technology As Regulation: Tensions, Transitions, and Tectonic Shifts in Governance 211
  17. The Law of Data-Driven Trade 229
  18. From AI Risks to Legal and Ethical AI Governance: A Four-Dimension Framework 251
  19. Agents and Persons? AI Systems Acting in the World and the Limits of Legal Personality 279
  20. Regulation by Design: Reshaping the Relationship between Technology Development and Law 303
  21. AI in the Courtroom: The Right to a Human Judge? 327
  22. Regulating AI Autonomy: A Constitutional Framework for the Digital Era 353
  23. Part III: Key Normative Challenges
  24. The Social Classification of Robots by Perceived Race and Gender 383
  25. Mission Impossible? Artificial Intelligence, Space Debris, and the Legal Implications for Space Sustainability 417
  26. Fintech: A Renaissance moment for Finance and its Regulation? 445
  27. Data Protection as a Normative Problem 483
  28. Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability and Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence: The approach of the EU AI Act 503
  29. Research Data Governance in a Digital Age 525
  30. From AI Ethics Principles to Practices: A Teleological Methodology to Apply AI Ethics Principles in the Defense Domain 549
  31. Labor Law and Automated Systems in the EU 571
  32. Index
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© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 7.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111346632-016/pdf
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