45 Punishment

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Table of Content V
3. An introduction to digital criminology 1
4. 1 Abuse 21
5. 2 Accessing online communities 29
6. 3 Affordances 37
7. 4 Agency 45
8. 5 Algorithm 53
9. 6 App-based textual interviews 61
10. 7 Archives 69
11. 8 Art as method 79
12. 9 Artificial intelligence 83
13. 10 Automation 91
14. 11 Bias 99
15. 12 Big data 107
16. 13 Biometric failure 115
17. 14 Borders and border control 123
18. 15 Categorization and sorting 133
19. 16 Computation 141
20. 17 Cybercrime 149
21. 18 Darknet 157
22. 19 Data justice 165
23. 20 Databases 173
24. 21 Datafication 181
25. 22 Digilantism 189
26. 23 Digital 197
27. 24 DNA / big genome data 205
28. 25 Error 215
29. 26 Ethics 223
30. 27 Facial recognition 233
31. 28 Financial crime and surveillance 243
32. 29 Hacking 251
33. 30 Hate crime and networked hate 261
34. 31 Identify theft 269
35. 32 Infrastructures 279
36. 33 Intelligence 287
37. 34 Internet of things 297
38. 35 Interviews with digital objects 305
39. 36 Labs 315
40. 37 Low-tech 323
41. 38 Online courts 333
42. 39 Online ethnography 343
43. 40 Platforms 353
44. 41 Policing 363
45. 42 Prediction 371
46. 43 Privacy and data protection 381
47. 44 Privatization 389
48. 45 Punishment 399
49. 46 Recruitment via social media 409
50. 47 Researching online forums 419
51. 48 Robots 427
52. 49 Sentencing and risk assessment algorithms 435
53. 50 Sex work 445
54. 51 Smart city 453
55. 52 Social media 461
56. 53 Surveillance 469
57. 54 Synthetic data and generative machine learning 483
58. 55 Translation 493
59. 56 Victimization 501
60. 57 Vulnerability 509
61. List of contributors 519