Home Life Sciences 5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis
Chapter
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Explore this Subject How to publish with us
Electrophoresis Fundamentals
This chapter is in the book Electrophoresis Fundamentals
5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis5.1History of electrophoresis4055.1.1Discovery of electrophoresis4055.1.2Zone electrophoresis of Tiselius4065.1.3Paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis4065.1.4Gel electrophoresis406Agarose gel electrophoresis406Polyacryalamide gel electrophoresis4075.1.5Isoelectric focusing4075.1.6Two-dimensional electrophoresis4075.1.7Blotting408Blotting of proteins408Blotting of nucleic acids4095.1.8Staining methods4095.1.9Outline history of electrophoresis4095.2History of iontophoresis4135.2.1Outline history of iontophoresis414References415The history of electrophoresis and iontophoresis continues a few centuries.5.1 History of electrophoresis5.1.1 Discovery of electrophoresisThe movement of charged particles in an electric field was first observed as long agoas 1807 by the Russian chemists Pyotr Ivanovich Strakhov (1757–1813) and Ferdi-nand Frederic Reuss (1778–1852) at the Moscow State University [1]. Using a micro-scope, they noticed that the application of a constant electric field caused dispersedin water clay particles to migrate. Reuss discovered also the opposite flow of water(electroosmosis).G. Quincke [2, 3] showed that the migration speed of a charged particle in anelectric field is linearly related to the potential gradient and is affected by the solu-tion pH value.In 1892, H. Picton and S. Linder [4] observed that hemoglobin, a colored pro-tein, was moving in a U-tube, filled with an electrolyte solution and placed in anelectric field. In 1899, Hardy reported the movement of serum globulins in an elec-tric field and showed that the electric charge of a protein could be changed frompositive to negative when pH value was varied [5, 6].In 1909, L. Michaelis introduced the termelectrophoresis.Thistermiscom-posed of the Greek wordselektron(amber), which was connected in the ancienttimes with the electricity, andphorein(to carry).https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110761641-037
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis5.1History of electrophoresis4055.1.1Discovery of electrophoresis4055.1.2Zone electrophoresis of Tiselius4065.1.3Paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis4065.1.4Gel electrophoresis406Agarose gel electrophoresis406Polyacryalamide gel electrophoresis4075.1.5Isoelectric focusing4075.1.6Two-dimensional electrophoresis4075.1.7Blotting408Blotting of proteins408Blotting of nucleic acids4095.1.8Staining methods4095.1.9Outline history of electrophoresis4095.2History of iontophoresis4135.2.1Outline history of iontophoresis414References415The history of electrophoresis and iontophoresis continues a few centuries.5.1 History of electrophoresis5.1.1 Discovery of electrophoresisThe movement of charged particles in an electric field was first observed as long agoas 1807 by the Russian chemists Pyotr Ivanovich Strakhov (1757–1813) and Ferdi-nand Frederic Reuss (1778–1852) at the Moscow State University [1]. Using a micro-scope, they noticed that the application of a constant electric field caused dispersedin water clay particles to migrate. Reuss discovered also the opposite flow of water(electroosmosis).G. Quincke [2, 3] showed that the migration speed of a charged particle in anelectric field is linearly related to the potential gradient and is affected by the solu-tion pH value.In 1892, H. Picton and S. Linder [4] observed that hemoglobin, a colored pro-tein, was moving in a U-tube, filled with an electrolyte solution and placed in anelectric field. In 1899, Hardy reported the movement of serum globulins in an elec-tric field and showed that the electric charge of a protein could be changed frompositive to negative when pH value was varied [5, 6].In 1909, L. Michaelis introduced the termelectrophoresis.Thistermiscom-posed of the Greek wordselektron(amber), which was connected in the ancienttimes with the electricity, andphorein(to carry).https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110761641-037
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Preface VII
  3. About the Author IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. Abbreviations XXIX
  6. 1 Fundamentals of electrophoresis 1
  7. 1.1 Electric double layer of a charged particle 5
  8. 1.2 Proteins and nucleic acids form polyions in solution 13
  9. 1.3 Electrophoresis is running in buffers 19
  10. 1.4 Polyions are moving in electric field 27
  11. 1.5 Electrophoresis is carried out in different solid media 39
  12. 1.6 General theory of electrophoresis 49
  13. 1.7 Electrophoresis instrumentation 55
  14. 1.8 Classification of electrophoretic methods 61
  15. 2 Electrophoresis of proteins 71
  16. 2.1 Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of proteins 73
  17. 2.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of proteins 77
  18. 2.3 Immunoelectrophoresis 109
  19. 2.4 Affinity electrophoresis 119
  20. 2.5 Polyacrylamide gel zone electrophoresis of proteins 131
  21. 2.6 Isotachophoresis of proteins 147
  22. 2.7 Disc-electrophoresis of proteins 151
  23. 2.8 Isoelectric focusing of proteins 187
  24. 2.9 Free-flow electrophoresis of proteins 209
  25. 2.10 Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 217
  26. 2.11 Two-dimensional electrophoresis 231
  27. 2.12 Preparative electrophoresis of proteins 241
  28. 2.13 Microchip electrophoresis of proteins 253
  29. 2.14 Blotting of proteins 271
  30. 2.15 Evaluation of protein pherograms 289
  31. 2.16 Precast gels for protein electrophoresis. Rehydratable gels 309
  32. 3 Electrophoresis of nucleic acids 317
  33. 3.1 Agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 325
  34. 3.2 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 343
  35. 3.3 Capillary electrophoresis of nucleic acids 349
  36. 3.4 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 357
  37. 3.5 Microchip electrophoresis of nucleic acids 371
  38. 3.6 Blotting of nucleic acids 375
  39. 3.7 Evaluation of nucleic acid pherograms 385
  40. 3.8 Precast gels for nucleic acid electrophoresis 395
  41. 4 Iontophoresis 397
  42. 5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis 405
  43. 6 Troubleshooting 421
  44. Problems 435
  45. Solution of problems 441
  46. Reagents for electrophoresis 447
  47. Recipes for electrophoresis solutions 459
  48. SI units and physical constants used in electrophoresis 475
  49. Electrophoresis terms 481
  50. Index 485
Readers are also interested in:
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110761641-037

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Preface VII
  3. About the Author IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. Abbreviations XXIX
  6. 1 Fundamentals of electrophoresis 1
  7. 1.1 Electric double layer of a charged particle 5
  8. 1.2 Proteins and nucleic acids form polyions in solution 13
  9. 1.3 Electrophoresis is running in buffers 19
  10. 1.4 Polyions are moving in electric field 27
  11. 1.5 Electrophoresis is carried out in different solid media 39
  12. 1.6 General theory of electrophoresis 49
  13. 1.7 Electrophoresis instrumentation 55
  14. 1.8 Classification of electrophoretic methods 61
  15. 2 Electrophoresis of proteins 71
  16. 2.1 Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of proteins 73
  17. 2.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of proteins 77
  18. 2.3 Immunoelectrophoresis 109
  19. 2.4 Affinity electrophoresis 119
  20. 2.5 Polyacrylamide gel zone electrophoresis of proteins 131
  21. 2.6 Isotachophoresis of proteins 147
  22. 2.7 Disc-electrophoresis of proteins 151
  23. 2.8 Isoelectric focusing of proteins 187
  24. 2.9 Free-flow electrophoresis of proteins 209
  25. 2.10 Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 217
  26. 2.11 Two-dimensional electrophoresis 231
  27. 2.12 Preparative electrophoresis of proteins 241
  28. 2.13 Microchip electrophoresis of proteins 253
  29. 2.14 Blotting of proteins 271
  30. 2.15 Evaluation of protein pherograms 289
  31. 2.16 Precast gels for protein electrophoresis. Rehydratable gels 309
  32. 3 Electrophoresis of nucleic acids 317
  33. 3.1 Agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 325
  34. 3.2 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 343
  35. 3.3 Capillary electrophoresis of nucleic acids 349
  36. 3.4 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids 357
  37. 3.5 Microchip electrophoresis of nucleic acids 371
  38. 3.6 Blotting of nucleic acids 375
  39. 3.7 Evaluation of nucleic acid pherograms 385
  40. 3.8 Precast gels for nucleic acid electrophoresis 395
  41. 4 Iontophoresis 397
  42. 5 History of electrophoresis and iontophoresis 405
  43. 6 Troubleshooting 421
  44. Problems 435
  45. Solution of problems 441
  46. Reagents for electrophoresis 447
  47. Recipes for electrophoresis solutions 459
  48. SI units and physical constants used in electrophoresis 475
  49. Electrophoresis terms 481
  50. Index 485
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 8.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110761641-037/html?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOoofYtsf6eAxy5ZhS2FwTNEvmUixKTbEZ2aO5iIJLUey19hfYBHP
Scroll to top button