18. Concluding remarks

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Contents V
3. Acknowledgements XII
4. 1. Introduction 1
5. 2. Non-native varieties of English 18
6. 3. Some theoretical preliminaries 42
7. 4. Towards a theoretical explanation for variation between the present perfect and preterite 52
8. 5. The notion of complexity and the English present perfect 75
9. 6. Metrics of complexity 101
10. 7. Empirical design of the study and methodology 110
11. 8. The reference variety of Standard English English (LLC) 144
12. 9. Acrolectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) 160
13. 10. Upper-mesolectal variety of Indian English (ICE) 174
14. 11. Mesolectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) 192
15. 12. Basilectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) 205
16. 13. Upper-mesolectal variety of East African English (ICE) 220
17. 14. Upper-mesolectal variety of Singapore English (ICE) 235
18. 15. Mesolectal variety of English spoken in Russia (HCNVE) 257
19. 16. Mesolectal variety of English spoken in Germany (HCNVE) 274
20. 17. Developing a bird’s-eye perspective on the variability of the present perfect across non-native Englishes 291
21. 18. Concluding remarks 306
22. Abbreviations 310
23. References 311
24. Corpora 331
25. Appendix 1 332
26. Appendix 2 334
27. Index 338