4. Character Polarity and Inferring Homology

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Preface to the First Edition vii
4. Preface to the Second Edition ix
5. Preface to the Third Edition xi
6. Acknowledgments to the First Edition xv
7. Acknowledgments to the Second Edition xvi
8. Dedication and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition xviii
9. Section I. HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND FOR SYSTEMATICS
10. 1. Introduction to Systematics: First Principles and Practical Tools 1
11. 2. Systematics and the Philosophy of Science 35
12. Section II. CLADISTIC METHODS
13. 3. Characters and Character States 69
14. 4. Character Polarity and Inferring Homology 113
15. 5. Tree-Building Algorithms and Philosophies 142
16. 6. Evaluating Results 186
17. Section III. APPLICATION OF CLADISTIC RESULTS
18. 7. Species: Concepts, Recognition, and Analytical Problems 219
19. 8. Nomenclature, Classifications, and Systematic Databases 239
20. 9. The Integration of Phylogenetics, Historical Biogeography, and Host-Parasite Coevolution 284
21. 10. Evaluating Hypothetical Scenarios of Evolution, Ecology and Adaptation 309
22. 11. Understanding Molecular Clocks and Time Trees 326
23. 12. Biodiversity and Conservation 338
24. Postscript: Parsimony and the Future of Systematics 354
25. Appendix 359
26. Glossary 361
27. Literature Cited 377
28. Author Index 419
29. Subject Index 425