CHAPTER 8. The Proneness in Ottoman and Mandate Times of the Peasant Mountaineers to Rebellion and of the Peasants of the Open Plains to Indirect Methods of Defense

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS vii
3. TABLES xiii
4. PREFACE xvii
5. PART I: THE PEASANTS’ SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
6. CHAPTER 1. The Role of Demographics 5
7. CHAPTER 2. Differentiations 10
8. CHAPTER 3. Living Conditions 38
9. CHAPTER 4. Economic Efficiency 75
10. PART II: THE PRE-BAՙTH PATTERNS OF PEASANT CONSCIOUSNESS, ORGANIZATION, AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
11. CHAPTER 5. Introduction: Portraits of Peasants by Ibn Khaldūn, Balzac, Trotsky, Father Ayrout, and J. C. Scott, and Their Relevance 95
12. CHAPTER 6. The First Peasant Organizations or the Corporations of Peasant-gardeners from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century 98
13. CHAPTER 7. Sūfism among the Peasants: A Source of Political Quietism? 103
14. CHAPTER 8. The Proneness in Ottoman and Mandate Times of the Peasant Mountaineers to Rebellion and of the Peasants of the Open Plains to Indirect Methods of Defense 109
15. CHAPTER 9. The Communists and the Peasants 118
16. CHAPTER 10. The Arab Socialists, or the First Agrarian Party in Syria’s History 124
17. PART III: THE RURAL AND PEASANT ASPECTS OF BAՙTHISM
18. CHAPTER 11. The Old Ba'th and the Political Rearing of a Rural Intelligentsia 133
19. CHAPTER 12. The “Transitional” Baՙth or the Baՙth of the 1960s, the Rise of the Lesser Rural or Village Notability, and the Ruralization of the Army, the Party, and, to Some Degree, the State Bureaucracy 144
20. CHAPTER 13. The Post-1970 Asad-molded, Career-oriented Ba'th 176
21. PART IV: ḤĀFIZ AL-ASAD, OR SYRIA’S FIRST RULER OF PEASANT EXTRACTION
22. CHAPTER 14. Asad’s Background, Early Education, Party Apprenticeship, and First Political Battle 193
23. CHAPTER 15. Asad’s Military Career and Military Qualifications, or the Inferences as to His Generalship Deducible from His Performance in the 1967 and 1973 Wars and during Israel’s Invasion of Lebanon 198
24. CHAPTER 16. The Varied Aspects of Power in Asad’s State 204
25. CHAPTER 17. Focusing for a While on the More Subtle Forms of Power 208
26. CHAPTER 18. The Organization of Power at the Second Tier of Asad’s Polity and Its Partaking, among Other Features, of a Basic Trait of Peasant Life 217
27. CHAPTER 19. A Glance at the Third Level of Power or at the Composition of the Upper Elite of the Baՙth Party (1970–1997) 244
28. CHAPTER 20. Shifting the Focus to the Fourth Level of Power, or an Analysis, by Way of Illustration, of the Role of the Peasants’ General Union, the Party’s Principal Ancillary Mass Organization 251
29. CHAPTER 21. A Closer View of the Summit of Power, or Asad’s Personality as a Factor in the Maintenance of His Rule and the Thwarting of His Opponents 256
30. CHAPTER 22. Of the Manner in Which Asad Dealt with the Muslim Brethren and their Militants, and the Light It Throws on the Methods by Which He Holds Sway 260
31. CHAPTER 23. Asad’s Main Concepts at the Level of Regional Politics: Ends or Instruments? 279
32. CHAPTER 24. An In-depth Study of Asad’s Relations with Fatՙh and the P.L.O. from 1966 to 1997 and the Light It Sheds on His Aims and Techniques 287
33. CHAPTER 25. Epilogue 323
34. APPENDIX 331
35. NOTES 355
36. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 391
37. INDEX I: SUBJECTS 405
38. INDEX II: PERSONAL NAMES 409
39. INDEX III: NAMES OF FAMILIES AND TRIBES 414