Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Acknowledgments ix
4. 1 Lifeless Brains
5. The Brain, in Theory 1
6. Computationalism 3
7. Connectionism 5
8. Bottom-Up Neuroscience 8
9. Brains Beyond Engineering 9
10. 2 Life as We Know It
11. What Is Life? 15
12. Life Beyond Machines 23
13. Multicellular Life 32
14. Breathing Life into Brain Theory 44
15. 3 Brains from the Bottom Up
16. Introduction 45
17. The Myth of Data-Driven Science 48
18. Living Beings Are Organized 52
19. Brain, Body, and Environment 60
20. Science Beyond Billiard-Ball Causality 64
21. 4 Biological Computers
22. Introduction 69
23. Programmable Machines 70
24. Programs, Algorithms, Computations, and Beyond 77
25. Behavior as Interaction 84
26. Why Dynamics Is Not Computation 95
27. Why Interaction Is Not Computation 98
28. Neural Computation 101
29. 5 Neural Codes
30. Introduction 107
31. Codes or Correlates? 110
32. Population Codes 117
33. The Theoretical Problem with Neural Codes 124
34. The Fundamental Incompleteness of Parametric Codes 129
35. Structure in Neural Codes 134
36. Why Representations? 138
37. 6 Information in the Brain
38. Introduction 141
39. What Is Information? 143
40. Information by Reference 144
41. Information as Difference 151
42. Pragmatic Information 154
43. Embodied Information 159
44. Properties of Embodied Information 166
45. How Information Informs 174
46. 7 Anticipation
47. Introduction 179
48. An Overview of Anticipatory Phenomena 181
49. Action Based on Prediction 186
50. Action to Meet Prediction 189
51. Goals in Anticipation 195
52. The Ladder of Anticipation 201
53. Learning 206
54. 8 The Organization of Brain Processes
55. Introduction 213
56. Information Reductionism 214
57. Neural Activity 224
58. The Nature of Multicellularity 241
59. 9 Living Brains
60. Brains Beyond Machines 252
61. Cognitive Biological Systems 258
62. Outlook 265
63. References 269
64. Index 289