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26 Mao Zedong and Strategies of Nested War

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The New Makers of Modern Strategy
Ein Kapitel aus dem Buch The New Makers of Modern Strategy
638CHAPTER 26Mao Zedong and Strategies of Nested WarS.C.M. Paine1The Chinese Communist Party’s rise to power resulted from understanding China’s strategic predicament better than its politi cal and military rivals did. Mao Zedong differentiated among all three layers of the nested warfare, which were (1) a multi-generational civil war from 1911 to 1949 that coalesced into a bilateral Nationalist-Communist fight soon after the Northern Expedition nominally unified warlord- torn China in 1928; (2) a regional Sino-Japanese war from 1931 to 1945 that escalated to the third level; (3) a global war from 1941 to 1945 when Japan attacked Western interests across the Pacific in an attempt to eliminate outside aid to the Nationalists. Mao used warfare to assert his leadership and reunify China under Communist Party rule by minimizing cross-cutting strategies between the layers that ruined his adversaries.Mao focused on founding and transforming the Chinese Communist Party into a shadow government to replace the Nationalist Party government under General Chiang Kai-shek. Mao leveraged the Second Sino-Japanese War to emerge victorious in the overlapping Nationalist-Communist civil war (1927–49) by building base areas or soviets in the ungoverned hinterland behind and beyond Japanese lines while the Japanese annihilated Nationalist armies, and then by awaiting the US annihilation of Japanese armies in the intervening world war, before resuming the civil war under more favorable conditions. 1. The views expressed are those of the author, not necessarily of the US Government, the US Department of Defense, the US Navy Department, or the US Naval War College.
© 2023 Princeton University Press, Princeton

638CHAPTER 26Mao Zedong and Strategies of Nested WarS.C.M. Paine1The Chinese Communist Party’s rise to power resulted from understanding China’s strategic predicament better than its politi cal and military rivals did. Mao Zedong differentiated among all three layers of the nested warfare, which were (1) a multi-generational civil war from 1911 to 1949 that coalesced into a bilateral Nationalist-Communist fight soon after the Northern Expedition nominally unified warlord- torn China in 1928; (2) a regional Sino-Japanese war from 1931 to 1945 that escalated to the third level; (3) a global war from 1941 to 1945 when Japan attacked Western interests across the Pacific in an attempt to eliminate outside aid to the Nationalists. Mao used warfare to assert his leadership and reunify China under Communist Party rule by minimizing cross-cutting strategies between the layers that ruined his adversaries.Mao focused on founding and transforming the Chinese Communist Party into a shadow government to replace the Nationalist Party government under General Chiang Kai-shek. Mao leveraged the Second Sino-Japanese War to emerge victorious in the overlapping Nationalist-Communist civil war (1927–49) by building base areas or soviets in the ungoverned hinterland behind and beyond Japanese lines while the Japanese annihilated Nationalist armies, and then by awaiting the US annihilation of Japanese armies in the intervening world war, before resuming the civil war under more favorable conditions. 1. The views expressed are those of the author, not necessarily of the US Government, the US Department of Defense, the US Navy Department, or the US Naval War College.
© 2023 Princeton University Press, Princeton

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. Contents vii
  3. Acknowledgments xiii
  4. Contributors xv
  5. Introduction: The Indispensable Art: Three Generations of Makers of Modern Strategy 1
  6. Part One Foundations and Founders
  7. 1 Strategy: The History of an Idea 17
  8. 2 Thucydides, Polybius, and the Legacies of the Ancient World 41
  9. 3 Sun Zi and the Search for a Timeless Logic of Strategy 67
  10. 4 Machiavelli and the Naissance of Modern Strategy 91
  11. 5 The Elusive Meaning and Enduring Relevance of Clausewitz 116
  12. 6 Jomini, Modern War, and Strategy: The Triumph of the Essential 145
  13. 7 Alfred Thayer Mahan and the Strategy of Sea Power 169
  14. 8 Kant, Paine, and Strategies of Liberal Transformation 193
  15. 9 Alexander Hamilton and the Financial Sinews of Strategy 218
  16. 10 Economic Foundations of Strategy: Beyond Smith, Hamilton, and List 241
  17. Part Two Strategy in an Age of Great-Power Rivalry
  18. 11 Sully, Richelieu, and Mazarin: French Strategies of Equilibrium in the Seventeenth Century 269
  19. 12 Generational Competition in a Multipolar World: William III and André-Hercule de Fleury 295
  20. 13 Napoleon and the Strategy of the Single Point 319
  21. 14 John Quincy Adams and the Challenges of a Democratic Strategy 344
  22. 15 Strategic Excellence: Tecumseh and the Shawnee Confederacy 369
  23. 16 Francis Lieber, the Laws of War, and the Origins of the Liberal International Order 391
  24. 17 Japan Caught between Maritime and Continental Imperialism 415
  25. 18 Strategies of Anti-Imperial Resistance: Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, and Fanon 440
  26. Part Three Strategy in an Age of Global War
  27. 19 Strategy, War Plans, and the First World War 471
  28. 20 The Strategy of Decisive War versus the Strategy of Attrition 495
  29. 21 Strategy and Total War 522
  30. 22 Woodrow Wilson and the Rise of Modern American Grand Strategy 545
  31. 23 Democratic Leaders and Strategies of Coalition Warfare: Churchill and Roosevelt in World War II 569
  32. 24 The Hidden Hand of History: Toynbee and the Search for World Order 593
  33. 25 Strategies of Geopolitical Revolution: Hitler and Stalin 616
  34. 26 Mao Zedong and Strategies of Nested War 638
  35. Part Four Strategy in a Bipolar Era
  36. 27 Nuclear Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Great Divergence 665
  37. 28 The Elusive Nature of Nuclear Strategy 692
  38. 29 Limited War in the Nuclear Age: American Strategy in Korea 717
  39. 30 Ben-Gurion, Nasser, and Strategy in the Arab-Israeli Conflict 741
  40. 31 Nehru and the Strategy of Non-Alignment 765
  41. 32 Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara: Theory Over History and Expertise 789
  42. 33 Strategies of Détente and Competition: Brezhnev and Moscow’s Cold War 817
  43. 34 Arms Competition, Arms Control, and Strategies of Peacetime Competition from Fisher to Reagan 841
  44. Part Five Strategy in the Post-Cold War World
  45. 35 Dilemmas of Dominance: American Strategy from George H.W. Bush to Barack Obama 869
  46. 36 The Two Marshals: Nikolai Ogarkov, Andrew Marshall, and the Revolution in Military Affairs 895
  47. 37 Strategies of Counterinsurgency and Counter-Terrorism after 9/11 918
  48. 38 Strategies of Jihad: From the Prophet Muhammad to Contemporary Times 946
  49. 39 Xi Jinping and the Strategy of China’s Restoration 972
  50. 40 Soleimani, Gerasimov, and Strategies of Irregular Warfare 996
  51. 41 The Strength of Weakness: The Kim Dynasty and North Korea’s Strategy for Survival 1022
  52. 42 Strategies of Persistent Conflict: Kabila and the Congo Wars 1046
  53. 43 Strategy and Grand Strategy in New Domains 1067
  54. 44 A Revolution in Intelligence 1092
  55. 45 Grammar, Logic, and Grand Strategy 1119
  56. Index 1141
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https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691226729-029

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. Contents vii
  3. Acknowledgments xiii
  4. Contributors xv
  5. Introduction: The Indispensable Art: Three Generations of Makers of Modern Strategy 1
  6. Part One Foundations and Founders
  7. 1 Strategy: The History of an Idea 17
  8. 2 Thucydides, Polybius, and the Legacies of the Ancient World 41
  9. 3 Sun Zi and the Search for a Timeless Logic of Strategy 67
  10. 4 Machiavelli and the Naissance of Modern Strategy 91
  11. 5 The Elusive Meaning and Enduring Relevance of Clausewitz 116
  12. 6 Jomini, Modern War, and Strategy: The Triumph of the Essential 145
  13. 7 Alfred Thayer Mahan and the Strategy of Sea Power 169
  14. 8 Kant, Paine, and Strategies of Liberal Transformation 193
  15. 9 Alexander Hamilton and the Financial Sinews of Strategy 218
  16. 10 Economic Foundations of Strategy: Beyond Smith, Hamilton, and List 241
  17. Part Two Strategy in an Age of Great-Power Rivalry
  18. 11 Sully, Richelieu, and Mazarin: French Strategies of Equilibrium in the Seventeenth Century 269
  19. 12 Generational Competition in a Multipolar World: William III and André-Hercule de Fleury 295
  20. 13 Napoleon and the Strategy of the Single Point 319
  21. 14 John Quincy Adams and the Challenges of a Democratic Strategy 344
  22. 15 Strategic Excellence: Tecumseh and the Shawnee Confederacy 369
  23. 16 Francis Lieber, the Laws of War, and the Origins of the Liberal International Order 391
  24. 17 Japan Caught between Maritime and Continental Imperialism 415
  25. 18 Strategies of Anti-Imperial Resistance: Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, and Fanon 440
  26. Part Three Strategy in an Age of Global War
  27. 19 Strategy, War Plans, and the First World War 471
  28. 20 The Strategy of Decisive War versus the Strategy of Attrition 495
  29. 21 Strategy and Total War 522
  30. 22 Woodrow Wilson and the Rise of Modern American Grand Strategy 545
  31. 23 Democratic Leaders and Strategies of Coalition Warfare: Churchill and Roosevelt in World War II 569
  32. 24 The Hidden Hand of History: Toynbee and the Search for World Order 593
  33. 25 Strategies of Geopolitical Revolution: Hitler and Stalin 616
  34. 26 Mao Zedong and Strategies of Nested War 638
  35. Part Four Strategy in a Bipolar Era
  36. 27 Nuclear Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Great Divergence 665
  37. 28 The Elusive Nature of Nuclear Strategy 692
  38. 29 Limited War in the Nuclear Age: American Strategy in Korea 717
  39. 30 Ben-Gurion, Nasser, and Strategy in the Arab-Israeli Conflict 741
  40. 31 Nehru and the Strategy of Non-Alignment 765
  41. 32 Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara: Theory Over History and Expertise 789
  42. 33 Strategies of Détente and Competition: Brezhnev and Moscow’s Cold War 817
  43. 34 Arms Competition, Arms Control, and Strategies of Peacetime Competition from Fisher to Reagan 841
  44. Part Five Strategy in the Post-Cold War World
  45. 35 Dilemmas of Dominance: American Strategy from George H.W. Bush to Barack Obama 869
  46. 36 The Two Marshals: Nikolai Ogarkov, Andrew Marshall, and the Revolution in Military Affairs 895
  47. 37 Strategies of Counterinsurgency and Counter-Terrorism after 9/11 918
  48. 38 Strategies of Jihad: From the Prophet Muhammad to Contemporary Times 946
  49. 39 Xi Jinping and the Strategy of China’s Restoration 972
  50. 40 Soleimani, Gerasimov, and Strategies of Irregular Warfare 996
  51. 41 The Strength of Weakness: The Kim Dynasty and North Korea’s Strategy for Survival 1022
  52. 42 Strategies of Persistent Conflict: Kabila and the Congo Wars 1046
  53. 43 Strategy and Grand Strategy in New Domains 1067
  54. 44 A Revolution in Intelligence 1092
  55. 45 Grammar, Logic, and Grand Strategy 1119
  56. Index 1141
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