1.7 Two levels of selection and two orders of organisms

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Preface v
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
4. List of Symbols ix
5. Contents xi
6. 1. Introduction
7. 1.1 Man as a cultural animal 1
8. 1.2 The adaptiveness of behavior 4
9. 1.3 Levels of learning 6
10. 1.4 Innate and learned traits 7
11. 1.5 Culture as the object of evolution 10
12. 1.6 The measurement of selection in biology 11
13. 1.7 Two levels of selection and two orders of organisms 14
14. 1.8 Some examples from the evolution of languages 19
15. 1.9 The diffusion of innovations 29
16. 1.10 Epidemics 46
17. 1.11 Cultural transmission 53
18. 1.12 Transmission as a two-stage process 62
19. 1.13 A summary of evolutionary factors in culture 65
20. 1.14 Some caveats and problems 69
21. 2. Vertical Transmission
22. 2.1 Introduction 77
23. 2.2 Vertical transmission 78
24. 2.3 Special cases of vertical transmission 84
25. 2.4 Correlations between relatives 91
26. 2.5 Assortative mating 95
27. 2.6 Natural selection 101
28. 2.7 Mutation 107
29. 2.8 Random-sampling drift 109
30. 2.9 Drift and natural selection 121
31. 2.10 Concluding remarks on vertical transmission 124
32. 3. Oblique and Horizontal Transmission
33. 3.1 Oblique transmission 130
34. 3.2 Oblique and vertical transmission with natural selection 133
35. 3.3 Sex-influenced transmission 143
36. 3.4 Horizontal transmission 151
37. 3.5 Sib-sib interactions 154
38. 3.6 Migration between populations 157
39. 3.7 Migration dependent on extent of separation 173
40. 3.8 Population stratification 177
41. 3.9 The recent demographic transition as an example of stratified, vertical and oblique or horizontal transmission in cultural change 180
42. 3.10 Random sampling drift: Vertical and oblique transmission 189
43. 3.11 A comparison of special schemes of transmission with random sampling drift: parents versus teachers 192
44. 3.12 Kinetics of cultural change with oblique and horizontal transmission 202
45. 3.13 Variation among populations 204
46. 3.14 Correlation of cultural and biological variation 216
47. 4. Multiple State Traits
48. 4.1 Mendelian transmission as an example of a multiple state trait 219
49. 4.2 Vertical transmission for three-state models 222
50. 4.3 Numerical examples of multistate transmission 238
51. 4.4 Assortative mating 245
52. 4.5 Horizontal and oblique transmission 251
53. 4.6 The evolution of surnames: An example of drift in multistate cultural transmission 255
54. 5. Cultural Transmission for a Continuous Trait
55. 5.1 Historical considerations on "blending" inheritance 267
56. 5.2 Linear transmission 275
57. 5.3 Correlations between relatives 279
58. 5.4 Multivariate linear models 286
59. 5.5 Social stratification, class, and caste 293
60. 5.6 Natural selection, range attenuation, and their effects on the correlations between relatives 300
61. 5.7 Mutation and cultural drift for continuous traits 307
62. 5.8 Upper limits to individual variation under cultural drift 314
63. 5.9 Variation between groups 317
64. 5.10 Cultural selection versus cultural drift 319
65. 5.11 Simple social hierarchies and compartments 332
66. 5.12 Transmission matrices as models of vertical and oblique transmission: Teachers vs. parents 334
67. 6. Epilogue
68. 6.1 General considerations 340
69. 6.2 Harmony and conflict of cultural and natural selection 342
70. 6.3 Cultural transmission, communication, and cultural selection 346
71. 6.4 Modes of transmission and their consequences for rates and equilibria under cultural evolution 351
72. 6.5 Chance and purpose in cultural variation 357
73. 6.6 Overlaps with other areas of study 359
74. 6.7 Individual selection and group selection 361
75. 6.8 Cultural activity as an extension of Darwinian fitness 362
76. Bibliography 367
77. Index 383