Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Illustrations vii
4. Acknowledgments xi
5. Introduction: Multilingual Soundings in the Colonial Mid-Atlantic: “Differences of Manners, Languages and Extraction, Was Now No More”? 1
6. Part 1 New World, New Religions
7. Chapter 1 “ Wie ein Nimrod / Like a Nimrod” Babel, Confusion, and Coercive Bilingualism in the Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic 41
8. Chapter 2 The Moravian Threat to the Old World Establishment 75
9. Chapter 3 Women, Migration, and Moravian Mission Negotiating Pennsylvania’s Colonial Landscapes 101
10. Part 2 The Languages of Education and Established Religions
11. Chapter 4 Benjamin Franklin, the Philadelphia Academy, Halle, and Göttingen 131
12. Chapter 5 German or English? Halle’s Pastors in Pennsylvania and the Search for the Right Language, 1742–1820 147
13. Part 3 The Languages of Race and (Anti-) Slavery
14. Chapter 6 Writing Against Slavery Germantown, Quakers, and the Ethnic Origins of Early Antislavery Thought 175
15. Chapter 7 “ Ein schrecklicher Zustand” Race, Slavery, and Gradual Emancipation in Pennsylvania 199
16. Chapter 8 How the Quakers Worked with Moravians, Germans, the French, the British, and Enslaved and Free Africans All in the Antislavery Cause 228
17. Part 4 The Languages of Wood and Stone
18. Chapter 9 Communicating Through Wood and Stone Building a New World Identity in Pennsylvania 249
19. Chapter 10 Germans in Colonial Philadelphia Ethnicity, Hybridity, and the Material World 275
20. Contributors 299
21. Index 302