CONTENTS

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS v
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
4. Introduction 1
5. 1. The Constitutional Convention: The President’s Limited Power 10
6. 2. George Washington: A Culture of Openness 31
7. 3. Woodrow Wilson: A Foundation for Secret Government 50
8. 4. Harry Truman: Institutional Secrecy 80
9. 5. Lyndon Johnson: Stealth Attacks on Openness 118
10. 6. Gerald Ford: A Time of Reckoning 132
11. 7. George W. Bush: A Test of the Limits 148
12. 8. Barack Obama: A Twenty-First-Century Bargain? 180
13. Conclusion 203
14. NOTES 209
15. INDEX 245