37. 1957: The Return of the Deported Peoples and the Restoration of Their Autonomies

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents vii
3. Foreword xi
4. Introduction xiii
5. Guide to the Maps xv
6. 1. The Caucasus: Historical and Geographic Areas and Contemporary Borders 1
7. 2. 1722–1739: The Imperial Rivalry over the Caucasus Borderlands 4
8. 3. 1763–1785: The Caucasus around the Time of the Russian Conquests 4
9. 4. 1774–1783: Ethnolinguistic Map of the Greater Caucasus 8
10. 5. 1791–1801: The Caucasus Defensive Line from Kizlyar to Taman 13
11. 6. 1801–1829: Russia’s Acquisition of Transcaucasia and the War in the Greater Caucasus 13
12. 7. 1829–1839: Administrative Makeup of the Early Russian Caucasus 18
13. 8. 1840–1849: Escalation of the Caucasus War and (Re-)Establishment of the Viceroyalty 18
14. 9. 1856–1859: Before the Final Storming of the “Caucasus Fortress,” 23
15. 10. 1860–1864: The End of the War and the Formation of Kuban, Terek, and Daghestan Provinces 23
16. 11. 1865–1870: Military-Native Government in Highlander Territories 28
17. 12. 1867–1886: The Ethnolinguistic and Administrative Composition of Daghestan 28
18. 13. 1871–1881: The Trend toward Civilian Government in the North Caucasus 33
19. 14. 1881–1888: The Caucasian Periphery of the Emerging Russian Nation 36
20. 15. 1763–1913: 150 Years of Russian Colonization 39
21. 16. 1913: The Terek Cossack Host 39
22. 17. 1763–1918: 155 Years of Non-Russian Colonization 45
23. 18. 1886–1890: An Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus 48
24. 19. 1886–1890: A Religious Map of the Caucasus 51
25. 20. 1913: Land and Ethnicity in Terek Province 55
26. 21. 1903–1917: Administrative Divisions before the Collapse of the Empire 58
27. 22. October 1917–May 1918: The Beginning of the Civil War and Foreign Intervention 61
28. 23. May–November 1918: The Emergence of Independent States in Transcaucasia 61
29. 24. December 1918–November 1919: Denikin’s Dominance in the North Caucasus 61
30. 25. 1917–1919: The Gorskaya Republic, a Failed Attempt at Independence 67
31. 26. 1920: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Soviet Russia 71
32. 27. 1920: Partition of the Republic of Armenia 74
33. 28. 1921: The End of the Georgian Democratic Republic 77
34. 29. 1921: Early Administrative Divisions in the Soviet Caucasus 80
35. 30. 1922–1928: Building a Soviet State out of Multitude of Nations 83
36. 31. 1926: An Ethnic Map Reflecting the First Soviet Census 87
37. 32. 1926: Using the Census to Identify Russians and Ukrainians 87
38. 33. 1929–1934: The Rise and Fall of the “National Principle” in Administrative Divisions 91
39. 34. 1936–1938: The Constitutional Codification of a Hierarchy among Peoples and Territories 91
40. 35. 1937–1949: World War II and Ethnic Deportations from the Caucasus 96
41. 36. 1943–1956: A Selective Purge of the Ethnopolitical Map 96
42. 37. 1957: The Return of the Deported Peoples and the Restoration of Their Autonomies 101
43. 38. 1957–1990: Stability and Conflict under “Developed Socialism,” 104
44. 39. 1989–1991: Overview of the Ethnopolitical Rivalries at the Conclusion of the Soviet Era 107
45. 40. 1991–2003: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Escalation of Armed Conflict in the Caucasus 107
46. 41. 1988–1994: Mountain (Nagorny) Karabakh 114
47. 42. 1991–1992: South and North Ossetia 117
48. 43. 1992–1993: Abkhazia 117
49. 44. 1994–2003: Chechnya and Daghestan 124
50. 45. 1989–2010: An Ethnic Map of the Caucasus 127
51. 46. 2012: Major Roads and Transportation Corridors 131
52. 47. 2012: Primary Petroleum Transportation Routes 131
53. 48–56. Conflicting Historical Visions of Homelands and Borders 136
54. 57. 2014: The Political and Administrative Map of the Caucasus 148
55. Appendix 1: The Area and Population of Administrative Units and States of the Caucasus Region 151
56. Appendix 2: Major Cities in the Caucasus 176
57. Appendix 3: Ethnic Composition of the Caucasus: Historical Population Statistics 178
58. Appendix 4: Administrative Units of the Russian Empire and the USSR 195
59. List of Sources 205