Development of thùuk passive marker in Thai
-
Amara Prasithrathsint
Abstract
Based on an approximately four-million-word corpus of Thai and some other related languages covering a time span of seven centuries (from the end of the 13th century to the present time), this study shows that the present passive marker in Thai (thùuk-) has developed from a lexical word originally meaning ‘to touch’ or ‘to hit on the point’. The development of this lexical word into the passive marker involves 8 stages: 1) lexical transitive verb thùuk ‘to touch, to hit on the point’ > 2) lexical intransitive verb thùuk ‘to be suitable’ > 3) lexical transitive verb thùuk ‘to suit’ > 4) modal intransitive verb thùuk ‘must, have to, to be obliged to’ > 5) modal intransitive verb thùuk ‘to be affected by’ > 6) modal intransitive verb thùuk – adversative passive marker > 7) auxiliary verb thùuk – non-adversative passive marker) > 8) the prefix thùuk-, the true passive marker in Thai.
Abstract
Based on an approximately four-million-word corpus of Thai and some other related languages covering a time span of seven centuries (from the end of the 13th century to the present time), this study shows that the present passive marker in Thai (thùuk-) has developed from a lexical word originally meaning ‘to touch’ or ‘to hit on the point’. The development of this lexical word into the passive marker involves 8 stages: 1) lexical transitive verb thùuk ‘to touch, to hit on the point’ > 2) lexical intransitive verb thùuk ‘to be suitable’ > 3) lexical transitive verb thùuk ‘to suit’ > 4) modal intransitive verb thùuk ‘must, have to, to be obliged to’ > 5) modal intransitive verb thùuk ‘to be affected by’ > 6) modal intransitive verb thùuk – adversative passive marker > 7) auxiliary verb thùuk – non-adversative passive marker) > 8) the prefix thùuk-, the true passive marker in Thai.
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Contributor's addresses vii
- Abbreviations ix
- Introduction: Passivization and typology 1
-
Active–passive and reflexives
- Passives in Lithuanian (in comparison with Russian) 29
- Passive and middle in Indo-European 62
-
Triggers — aspectual, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic: case studies
- Pragmatic nature of Mandarin passive-like constructions 83
- Development of thùuk passive marker in Thai 115
- The passives of Modern Irish 132
- The passive in Erzya-Mordvin folklore 165
- Grammatical voice and tense-aspect in Slavic 191
- Passive in Nganasan 213
-
Actor demotion
- 'Agent defocusing' revisited 232
- Relations between Actor-demoting devices in Lithuanian 274
-
Grammaticalization in long-term diachrony
- The rise and grammaticalization paths of Latin fieri and facere as passive auxiliaries 311
- Grammatical relations in passive clauses 337
-
Argument structure and case
- Two types of detransitive constructions in the dialects of Japanese 352
- Passive and argument structure 373
- Case-driven agree, EPP, and passive in Turkish 383
- A unique feature of the direct passive in Japanese 403
-
Actor demotion
- Passive as a feature-suppression operation 442
-
Event semantics — Aspectual and semantic triggers
- The compositional nature of the passive 462
- The impersonal passive 502
- Simple preterit and composite perfect tense 518
- Author index 544
- Subject index 548
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Contributor's addresses vii
- Abbreviations ix
- Introduction: Passivization and typology 1
-
Active–passive and reflexives
- Passives in Lithuanian (in comparison with Russian) 29
- Passive and middle in Indo-European 62
-
Triggers — aspectual, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic: case studies
- Pragmatic nature of Mandarin passive-like constructions 83
- Development of thùuk passive marker in Thai 115
- The passives of Modern Irish 132
- The passive in Erzya-Mordvin folklore 165
- Grammatical voice and tense-aspect in Slavic 191
- Passive in Nganasan 213
-
Actor demotion
- 'Agent defocusing' revisited 232
- Relations between Actor-demoting devices in Lithuanian 274
-
Grammaticalization in long-term diachrony
- The rise and grammaticalization paths of Latin fieri and facere as passive auxiliaries 311
- Grammatical relations in passive clauses 337
-
Argument structure and case
- Two types of detransitive constructions in the dialects of Japanese 352
- Passive and argument structure 373
- Case-driven agree, EPP, and passive in Turkish 383
- A unique feature of the direct passive in Japanese 403
-
Actor demotion
- Passive as a feature-suppression operation 442
-
Event semantics — Aspectual and semantic triggers
- The compositional nature of the passive 462
- The impersonal passive 502
- Simple preterit and composite perfect tense 518
- Author index 544
- Subject index 548
