Productive bimorphemic structures and the concept of gradual creolization
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Philip Baker
Abstract
In pidgin and creole (P/C) studies, ‘bimorphemic’ is normally associated with bimorphemic interrogatives (‘question words’). I demonstrate that these are merely part of a wider range of bimorphemic structures which play an important vocabulary-building role in P/Cs. I then discuss Arends’ (1989) concept of gradual creolization and claim that its importance lies in identifying the length of time it took P/Cs to attain grammatical consistency, during which these bimorphemic structures and many of the better known ‘typical creole features’ became established. Data from several creoles indicate that it required 150 years or more for grammatical consistency to be achieved. This suggests that ancestral languages were actively spoken alongside the emergent creole for far longer than has generally been supposed.
Abstract
In pidgin and creole (P/C) studies, ‘bimorphemic’ is normally associated with bimorphemic interrogatives (‘question words’). I demonstrate that these are merely part of a wider range of bimorphemic structures which play an important vocabulary-building role in P/Cs. I then discuss Arends’ (1989) concept of gradual creolization and claim that its importance lies in identifying the length of time it took P/Cs to attain grammatical consistency, during which these bimorphemic structures and many of the better known ‘typical creole features’ became established. Data from several creoles indicate that it required 150 years or more for grammatical consistency to be achieved. This suggests that ancestral languages were actively spoken alongside the emergent creole for far longer than has generally been supposed.
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Maps ix
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Introductory words
- One more cup of coffee: On Gradual Creolization 3
- Jacques Arends' model of gradual creolization 13
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Part 1. Linguistic analysis
- Productive bimorphemic structures and the concept of gradual creolization 27
- Gradual vs. abrupt creolization and recent changes in Daman Creole Portuguese 55
- Gradual restructuring in Ecuadorian Quechua 77
- A note on the process of lexical diffusion in the development of creoles: The case of double-object verbs 101
- Change in the possessive system of French Caribbean Creole languages 113
- The origin and development of possibility in the creoles of Suriname 129
- The Saramaccan lexicon: Verbs 155
- Development of a creole lexicon 173
- Gradualism in the transfer of tone spread rules in Saramaccan 189
- In search of a submerged phonology: The case of early Cape Dutch Pidgin 219
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Part 2. Sociohistorical reconstruction
- Bilingualism and creolization in Solomon Islands 245
- Lingua Franca in West Africa? An evaluation of the sociohistorical and metalinguistic evidence 257
- The formation of the Portuguese-based Creoles: Gradual or abrupt? 279
- English-speaking in early Surinam? 305
- The demographic context of creolization in early English Jamaica, 1655-1700 327
- The founder principle and Anguilla's homestead society 349
- Demographic factors in the formation of French Guianese Creole 373
- Index 389
Chapters in this book
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Maps ix
-
Introductory words
- One more cup of coffee: On Gradual Creolization 3
- Jacques Arends' model of gradual creolization 13
-
Part 1. Linguistic analysis
- Productive bimorphemic structures and the concept of gradual creolization 27
- Gradual vs. abrupt creolization and recent changes in Daman Creole Portuguese 55
- Gradual restructuring in Ecuadorian Quechua 77
- A note on the process of lexical diffusion in the development of creoles: The case of double-object verbs 101
- Change in the possessive system of French Caribbean Creole languages 113
- The origin and development of possibility in the creoles of Suriname 129
- The Saramaccan lexicon: Verbs 155
- Development of a creole lexicon 173
- Gradualism in the transfer of tone spread rules in Saramaccan 189
- In search of a submerged phonology: The case of early Cape Dutch Pidgin 219
-
Part 2. Sociohistorical reconstruction
- Bilingualism and creolization in Solomon Islands 245
- Lingua Franca in West Africa? An evaluation of the sociohistorical and metalinguistic evidence 257
- The formation of the Portuguese-based Creoles: Gradual or abrupt? 279
- English-speaking in early Surinam? 305
- The demographic context of creolization in early English Jamaica, 1655-1700 327
- The founder principle and Anguilla's homestead society 349
- Demographic factors in the formation of French Guianese Creole 373
- Index 389
