Tracking and explaining variation and change in the grammar of American English
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Juhani Rudanko
Abstract
Both to infinitive and to -ing complement clauses selected by adjectival heads may involve subject control in English, but there are syntactic differences between them. In spite of the differences, some matrix predicates have shown variation and change between the two types of sentential complement in recent times. The article examines the adjective accustomed from this point of view, with evidence from the TIME Corpus. It is observed that in the first decade covered by the corpus, from 1923 through 1932, to infinitives were slightly more frequent than to -ing complements, but that in the 1960s the to -ing pattern had become predominant in comparison with the to infinitive pattern. The article points to such variation and change affecting the sentential complements of accustomed in one particular text type of American English, and identifies two explanatory principles to account for the variation observed. The first is the Extraction Principle, which is defined more broadly than in some earlier work, and the second is the postulation of a semantic contrast between the two complementation patterns. It is argued that both the Extraction Principle and the semantic distinction are statistically significant in explaining variation at one stage in the overall process of change that has been called the Great Complement Shift.
Abstract
Both to infinitive and to -ing complement clauses selected by adjectival heads may involve subject control in English, but there are syntactic differences between them. In spite of the differences, some matrix predicates have shown variation and change between the two types of sentential complement in recent times. The article examines the adjective accustomed from this point of view, with evidence from the TIME Corpus. It is observed that in the first decade covered by the corpus, from 1923 through 1932, to infinitives were slightly more frequent than to -ing complements, but that in the 1960s the to -ing pattern had become predominant in comparison with the to infinitive pattern. The article points to such variation and change affecting the sentential complements of accustomed in one particular text type of American English, and identifies two explanatory principles to account for the variation observed. The first is the Extraction Principle, which is defined more broadly than in some earlier work, and the second is the postulation of a semantic contrast between the two complementation patterns. It is argued that both the Extraction Principle and the semantic distinction are statistically significant in explaining variation at one stage in the overall process of change that has been called the Great Complement Shift.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Acknowledgements vii
- Introduction 1
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part iVerbal constructions
- “Þonne hate we hine morgensteorra” 11
- Tracking and explaining variation and change in the grammar of American English 29
- Prevent and the battle of the - ing clauses 45
- Prescription or practice? 63
- On the idiomatization of “ give + O + to ” constructions 79
- The clausal complementation of good in extraposition constructions 95
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part iiModality and (marginal) modals
- The ‘ fail to ’ construction in Late Modern and Present-Day English 123
- The interplay of modal verbs and adverbs 143
- Current change in the modal system of English 165
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part iiiDevelopments in the English noun phrase
- Discontinuous quantificational structures in Old English 185
- Genitive variation in letters, history writing and sermons in Late Middle and Early Modern English 197
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part ivSyntactic variation and change through contact
- On the use of beon and wesan in Old English 217
- The reflexes of OE beon as a marker of futurity in early Middle English 237
- Stylistic fronting in the history of English 255
- Subject and Word index 279
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Prelim pages i
- Table of contents v
- Acknowledgements vii
- Introduction 1
-
part iVerbal constructions
- “Þonne hate we hine morgensteorra” 11
- Tracking and explaining variation and change in the grammar of American English 29
- Prevent and the battle of the - ing clauses 45
- Prescription or practice? 63
- On the idiomatization of “ give + O + to ” constructions 79
- The clausal complementation of good in extraposition constructions 95
-
part iiModality and (marginal) modals
- The ‘ fail to ’ construction in Late Modern and Present-Day English 123
- The interplay of modal verbs and adverbs 143
- Current change in the modal system of English 165
-
part iiiDevelopments in the English noun phrase
- Discontinuous quantificational structures in Old English 185
- Genitive variation in letters, history writing and sermons in Late Middle and Early Modern English 197
-
part ivSyntactic variation and change through contact
- On the use of beon and wesan in Old English 217
- The reflexes of OE beon as a marker of futurity in early Middle English 237
- Stylistic fronting in the history of English 255
- Subject and Word index 279
