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Addressing the Legal Void: Ensuring Justice for Adult Male Rape Victims in Bangladesh

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 3. April 2024
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Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
International Journal of Legal Information
Aus der Zeitschrift International Journal of Legal Information Band 51 Heft 2

Abstract

The objective of this study is to explore and determine the legal constraints related to adult male rape and the consequences as they exist in the Bangladeshi criminal justice system. Primary and secondary data sources for the study were derived from the narratives of adult male rape survivors, blood relatives of rape survivors, police officers, and legal practitioners. A snowball sampling technique was applied. The study reveals that there is an absence of a police-support response to adult male rape victims, which is attributable to the lack of a gender-neutral definition of rape. This legal definition vacuum diverts complainants to a range of other futile options, such as submitting a general diary and/or adjacent complaints and seeking assistance from other law enforcement agencies. Finally, this study demonstrates that the landscape of the Bangladeshi criminal justice system is likely to remain unchanged until its legal foundation is better developed.

Keywords: adult male rape; criminal justice system; legal vacuum; Bangladesh
*

© Md. Tanvir Alam 2023. The author holds BPA, MPA, and MPCHRS degrees, and he is a human rights defender and a certified human rights consultant. He is currently serving as an adjunct faculty member at Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: .

**

Lecturer of Department Sharia and Islamic Business Economics, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, .

***

Lecturer of Criminal Law Study, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Law, IAIN Parepare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, .

****

Sabrina Afrin Tonny 2023. The author Sabrina Afrin Tonny currently holds BSS and MDS degrees, and serves as a Research Assistant at Liberation War Museum, Dhaka Bangladesh.

  1. 1

    Statutes refer to written laws that have been enacted by a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress. These laws are formally codified and carry the force of law within a particular jurisdiction.

  2. 2

    Police complaints are formal grievances lodged against law enforcement officers or agencies regarding alleged misconduct, a violation of rights, or improper behavior.

  3. 3

    A charge sheet, also known as an indictment or complaint, is a formal document that outlines the specific criminal charges brought against an individual or entity by a prosecuting authority. It serves as the initial step in the legal process and provides details about the alleged offenses.

  4. 4

    The First Information Report (FIR) is a legal document that is filed with the police to report the commission of a cognizable offense, meaning an offense for which the police can make an arrest without a warrant. An FIR is an important document that initiates the investigation process and records the essential details of the offense.

  5. 5

    The term “taboo” suggests that the topic of male rape is treated as a sensitive and highly stigmatized issue within the society of Bangladesh. It implies that there are significant cultural, societal, or institutional barriers that prevent open discussions, recognition, or acknowledgment of male rape as a valid and important concern.

  6. 6

    Emma Fulu, Xian Warner, Stephanie Miedema, Rachel Jewkes, Tim Roselli, and James Lang, “Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? Quantitative Findings from the United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific” (Bangkok: UNDP, UNFPA, UN Women, and UNV, 2013), 3. See Table 4.4 for the results of the study specific to Bangladesh (both urban and rural contexts) for male-on-male rape, https://www.undp.org/asia-pacific/publications/why-do-some-men-use-violence-against-women-and-how-can-we-prevent-it.

  7. 7

    Sandesh Sivakumaran, “Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict,” European Journal of International Law - EUR J INT LAW 18 (Apr. 1, 2007): 253–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chm013.

  8. 8

    Amnesty International, “Yemen: Ta'iz Authorities Must Tackle Child Rape and Abuse under Militia Rule,” 2019; Hollie Mckay, “Male Rape Emerging as One of the Most Under-Reported Weapons of War,” Fox News, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/world/male-rape-emerging-as-one-of-the-most-underreported-weapons-of-todays-wars.

  9. 9

    Aliraza Javaid, “Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities,” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 52 (2018): 199–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.12.003.

  10. 10

    Conviction refers to a formal declaration by a court of law that someone is guilty of committing a criminal offense. It is the result of a judicial process where a person accused of a crime has been found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt or has entered a guilty plea.

  11. 11

    The Business Standard, “Bangladesh Ranks 124th among 139 Countries on Rule of Law Index,” 2021.

  12. 12

    Aliraza Javaid, “Voluntary Agencies’ Responses to, and Attitudes toward Male Rape: Issues and Concerns,” Sexuality & Culture 20, no. 3 (2016): 731–48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9348-z.

  13. 13

    Oishik Sircar, “Feminist Lawyering, Violence against Women, and the Politics of Law Reform in India: An Interview with Flavia Agnes,” Jindal Global Law Review 11, no. 2 (2020): 365–87, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41020-021-00133-w.

  14. 14

    Technically, gender-related crime occurred before 1971 but it was then East Pakistan, not Bangladesh.

  15. 15

    Stacy Banwell, “Introduction,” Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict: More Dangerous to Be a Woman?, 2020a, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-115-520201002; Nayanika Mookherjee, “Mass Rape and the Inscription of Gendered and Racial Domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971 BT - Rape in Wartime,” in Rape in Wartime. Genders and Sexualities in History, ed. Raphaëlle Branche and Fabrice Virgili (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012), 67–78, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137283399_5; Dina M Siddiqi, “The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories and the Bangladesh War of 1971, by Nayanika Mookherjee,” International Feminist Journal of Politics 19, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 2017): 126–28, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2016.1257337.

  16. 16

    Mohammed B. Kashem, “Issues and Challenges of Police Investigative Practices in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study,” in Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia. Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia, ed. Shahid M Shahidullah (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017), 273–95, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50750-1_10.

  17. 17

    Syed Abu Hasnath, “The Practice and Effect of Development Planning in Bangladesh,” Public Administration and Development 7, no. 1 (Jan. 1, 1987): 59–75, https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230070105.

  18. 18

    Admos O. Chimhowu, David Hulme, and Lauchlan T. Munro, “The ‘New’ National Development Planning and Global Development Goals: Processes and Partnerships,” World Development 120 (2019): 76–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.013.

  19. 19

    Ayu Nanda Anak Agung Saraswati, “The Discourse of Reservations to CEDAW on Women's Rights in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia,” Indonesian Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2022): 515–38.

  20. 20

    Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, “Laws of Bangladesh” (1860).

  21. 21

    Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, “Laws of Bangladesh” (1872).

  22. 22

    Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, “Laws of Bangladesh” (1898).

  23. 23

    World Health Organization, “WHO ethical and safety recommendations for researching, documenting and monitoring sexual violence in emergencies” (Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007).

  24. 24

    Stigma refers to the negative attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes held by individuals or society at-large towards a particular group or issue.

  25. 25

    Male minor means a boy who is not an adult—that is, under eighteen years old.

  26. 26

    Natasha McKeever, “Can a Woman Rape a Man and Why Does It Matter?” Criminal Law and Philosophy 13, no. 4 (Dec. 2019): 599–619, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-018-9485-6.

  27. 27

    Laura Sjoberg, Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping (New York: New York University Press, 2020), https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814744932.001.0001.

  28. 28

    Harshad Pathak, “Beyond the Binary: Rethinking Gender Neutrality in Indian Rape Law,” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 11, no. 2 (Dec. 2016): 367–97, https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2016.8.

  29. 29

    Meg Lawrence, “Men Cannot Be Raped: The Systematic Silencing of Male Victims of Sexual Violence in Conflict” (Åbo Akademi University, 2017).

  30. 30

    Rebecca L Sandefur, “Access to Civil Justice and Race, Class, and Gender Inequality,” Annual Review of Sociology 34, no. 1 (July 7, 2008): 339–58, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134534.

  31. 31

    Hussain M. Fazlul Bari, “Evolution of the Criminal Justice System in Bangladesh: Colonial Legacies, Trends and Issues,” Commonwealth Law Bulletin 45, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 2019): 25–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2019.1681285.

  32. 32

    Moira Peelo and Keith Soothill, “Personal Power and Public Control: Sex Crimes and Problem Pages,” Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 33, no. 1 (1994): 10–24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1994.tb00791.x.

  33. 33

    Taqbir Huda, “What Legal Action Can a Male Rape Victim Take?” The Daily Star, 2019.

  34. 34

    Dhakatribune, “Writ Filed to Ban on Exposing Identity of Rape Survivors, Victims” (Bangladesh, 2021), https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/01/19/writ-filed-to-ban-exposing-identity-of-rape-survivors.

  35. 35

    Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Laws of Bangladesh, 1860.

  36. 36

    United Nations Women, “Prevention of Cruelty against Women and Children Act” (2000).

  37. 37

    J. Patrak and B. Hedge, The Trauma of Sexual Assault--Treatment, Prevention and Practice, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (New York: Wiley, 2002).

  38. 38

    Rachel Kalish, Book Review: Abdullah Khan, N. (2008). Male Rape: The Emergence of a Social and Legal Issue. Hampshire, UK, and New York, Men and Masculinities, vol. 12 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x09331748.

  39. 39

    Aliraza Javaid, “Police Responses to, and Attitudes towards, Male Rape: Issues and Concerns,” International Journal of Police Science and Management 17, no. 2 (2015): 81–90, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355715580914; Aliraza Javaid, “Moving through Shadows: Police, Policing and Male Rape,” International Journal of Human Rights 21, no. 7 (2017b): 1002–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1323737; Aliraza Javaid, “Masculinities, Sexualities and Identities: Understanding HIV Positive and HIV Negative Male Rape Victims,” International Sociology 32, no. 3 (2017a): 323–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580917696387.

  40. 40

    Jayne Walker, John Archer, and Michelle Davies, “Effects of Rape on Men: A Descriptive Analysis,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 34, no. 1 (2005): 69–80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-1001-0.

  41. 41

    Jewkes et al., “Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Non-Partner Rape Perpetration: Findings from the UN Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific.”

  42. 42

    Mohammad Mazher Idriss, “Abused by the Patriarchy: Male Victims, Masculinity, ‘Honor’-Honor-Based Abuse and Forced Marriages,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37 (2021): 13–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521997928.

  43. 43

    Christopher T. Conner, “Aliraza Javaid (2018) Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities: Understanding Policing, and Overcoming Male Sexual Victimisation. London, UK: Palgrave Macmilan,” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 2 (May 2020): 200–202, https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i2.1443.

  44. 44

    Philip N.S. Rumney, “Gay Male Rape Victims: Law Enforcement, Social Attitudes and Barriers to Recognition,” International Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 2–3 (June 1, 2009): 233–50, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980902758135.

  45. 45

    Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites, Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change (London: University of London Press, 2013), https://doi.org/10.14296/518.9781912250134.

  46. 46

    Jerrold L. Stein, “Peer Educators and Close Friends as Predictors of Male College Students’ Willingness to Prevent Rape,” Journal of College Student Development 48, no. 1 (2007): 75–89, https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0008.

  47. 47

    Sarah Crome and Marita P. McCabe, “The Impact of Rape on Individual, Interpersonal, and Family Functioning,” Journal of Family Studies 1, no. 1 (1995): 58–70, https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.1.1.58.

  48. 48

    “Voluntary agencies” refers to non-governmental agencies that work in the domains of gender rights, all forms of violence, and victim support systems.

  49. 49

    Alan Greig, “Sex and the Rights of Man,” IDS Bulletin 37, no. 5 (2006): 84–88, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00307.x.

  50. 50

    Javaid (n12).

  51. 51

    Dr. Michelle Davies, Rhiannon Smith, and Dr. Paul Rogers, “Police Perceptions of Rape as Function of Victim Gender and Sexuality,” Police Journal 82, no. 1 (2009): 4–12, https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2009.82.1.466; Joanna Jamel, Ray Bull, and Lorraine Sheridan, “An Investigation of the Specialist Police Service Provided to Male Rape Survivors,” International Journal of Police Science & Management 10, no. 4 (Dec. 1, 2008): 486–508, https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2008.10.4.101.

  52. 52

    Shariful Islam, “An Overview of the Existent Rape Laws in Bangladesh: Need for Urgent Reformation and Change,” Green University Review of Social Sciences 5, no. 2 (2019): 45–60.

  53. 53

    A crime norm is a situation where the victim loses hope for justice and accepts it as the norm.

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Javaid, Aliraza. “Voluntary Agencies’ Responses to, and Attitudes toward Male Rape: Issues and Concerns.” Sexuality & Culture20, no. 3 (2016): 731–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9348-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Javaid, Aliraza. “Masculinities, Sexualities and Identities: Understanding HIV Positive and HIV Negative Male Rape Victims.” International Sociology32, no. 3 (2017a): 323–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580917696387.Suche in Google Scholar

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Mookherjee, Nayanika. “Mass Rape and the Inscription of Gendered and Racial Domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971 BT - Rape in Wartime.” In Rape in Wartime. Genders and Sexualities in History, edited by RaphaëlleBranche and FabriceVirgili, 67–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137283399_5.Suche in Google Scholar

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Rumney, Philip N S. “Gay Male Rape Victims: Law Enforcement, Social Attitudes and Barriers to Recognition.” The International Journal of Human Rights13, no. 2–3 (June 1, 2009): 233–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980902758135.Suche in Google Scholar

Sandefur, Rebecca L. “Access to Civil Justice and Race, Class, and Gender Inequality.” Annual Review of Sociology34, no. 1 (July 7, 2008): 339–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134534.Suche in Google Scholar

Saraswati, Ayu Nanda Anak Agung. “The Discourse of Reservations to CEDAW on Women's Rights in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of International Law19, no. 4 (2022): 515–38.Suche in Google Scholar

Siddiqi, Dina M. “The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories and the Bangladesh War of 1971, by Nayanika Mookherjee.” International Feminist Journal of Politics19, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 126–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2016.1257337.Suche in Google Scholar

Sircar, Oishik. “Feminist Lawyering, Violence against Women, and the Politics of Law Reform in India: An Interview with Flavia Agnes.” Jindal Global Law Review11, no. 2 (2020): 365–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41020-021-00133-w.Suche in Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh. “Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict.” European Journal of International Law - EUR J INT LAW 18 (April 1, 2007): 253–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chm013.Suche in Google Scholar

Sjoberg, Laura. Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping. New York University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814744932.001.0001.Suche in Google Scholar

Stein, Jerrold L. “Peer Educators and Close Friends as Predictors of Male College Students’ Willingness to Prevent Rape.” Journal of College Student Development48, no. 1 (2007): 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0008.Suche in Google Scholar

The Business Standard. “Bangladesh Ranks 124th among 139 Countries on Rule of Law Index,” 2021.Suche in Google Scholar

United Nations Women. Prevention of Cruelty against Women and Children Act (2000).Suche in Google Scholar

Walker, Jayne, JohnArcher, and MichelleDavies. “Effects of Rape on Men: A Descriptive Analysis.” Archives of Sexual Behavior34, no. 1 (2005): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-1001-0.Suche in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2024-04-03
Published in Print: 2023-06-01

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by International Association of Law Libraries

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Article
  2. The “MH17” judgment and its legal implications for the International Court of Justice's ruling in Ukraine v. Russia: a critical appraisal
  3. Witchcraft Accusations and the Tort of Defamation in Anglophone Africa
  4. Addressing the Legal Void: Ensuring Justice for Adult Male Rape Victims in Bangladesh
  5. Modern trends in labor law: a comparative analysis of the EU and Ukraine
  6. International Calendar
  7. INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR
  8. Miscellaneous
  9. The Economic Analysis of Civil Law
  10. Editorial Comment
  11. EDITORIAL COMMENT 51.2 (IJLI)
  12. Front Cover (OFC, IFC) and matter
  13. JLI volume 51 issue 2 Cover and Front matter
  14. Back Cover (IBC, OBC) and matter
  15. JLI volume 51 issue 2 Cover and Back matter
https://doi.org/10.1017/jli.2023.20
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
adult male rape; criminal justice system; legal vacuum; Bangladesh

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Article
  2. The “MH17” judgment and its legal implications for the International Court of Justice's ruling in Ukraine v. Russia: a critical appraisal
  3. Witchcraft Accusations and the Tort of Defamation in Anglophone Africa
  4. Addressing the Legal Void: Ensuring Justice for Adult Male Rape Victims in Bangladesh
  5. Modern trends in labor law: a comparative analysis of the EU and Ukraine
  6. International Calendar
  7. INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR
  8. Miscellaneous
  9. The Economic Analysis of Civil Law
  10. Editorial Comment
  11. EDITORIAL COMMENT 51.2 (IJLI)
  12. Front Cover (OFC, IFC) and matter
  13. JLI volume 51 issue 2 Cover and Front matter
  14. Back Cover (IBC, OBC) and matter
  15. JLI volume 51 issue 2 Cover and Back matter
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