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Crystallization and melt extraction of a garnet-bearing charnockite from South China: Constraints from petrography, geochemistry, mineral thermometry, and rhyolite-MELTS modeling

  • Xi-Song Zhang , Xi-Sheng Xu ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Yan Xia and Kai Zhao
Published/Copyright: February 28, 2021
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 106 Issue 3

Abstract

Since granitic rocks in high-grade terranes commonly undergo amphibolite-granulite facies metamorphic overprint, recovering magmatic records from the metamorphic modification remains a major challenge. Here, we report an early Paleozoic, garnet-bearing Yunlu charnockite that outcropped in the Yunkai terrane of the Cathaysia block from South China and underwent amphibole- grade metamorphic overprint in the late Devonian. Field observation, micro-texture, and mineral geochemistry combined with diffusion modeling constrain that the metamorphic overprint with an extremely short duration of ~0.2–0.5 Ma only influences a narrow rim of <100 μm for most minerals. The magmatic information can be retrieved by combining rhyolite-MELTS modeling with mineral thermobarometry using mineral core compositions to quantitatively estimate magmatic pressure, temperature, and melt H2O contents. Rhyolite-MELTS modeling results are evaluated by comparison with experimentally determined phase relations for a peraluminous granite with ~69.83 wt% SiO2 at a pressure of ~500 MPa. The comparison suggests that the modeling reproduces phase relationships of feldspars and quartz within 20–60 °C when the melt H2O contents are below 7.0 wt%, but fails to account properly for all the phases when the melt H2O contents are higher than 7.0 wt%. The modeling results using reconstructed primary magma composition of the Yunlu charnockite combined with the orthopyroxene-garnet-plagioclase-quartz thermobarometry and fluid inclusion analyses suggest that the magma was emplaced at a pressure of ~600 MPa, a temperature of >900 °C, and an initial H2O content of ~4.0 wt% with rare CO2 components. The orthopyroxene-garnet, biotite-garnet, and biotite-orthopyroxene thermometers yield a consistent temperature range of 770–820 ± 60 °C, which is significantly higher than the H2O-saturated solidus temperature of ~630 °C estimated from experimental results and two-feldspar thermometry. These results indicate that the early crystallized minerals (e.g., garnet, orthopyroxene, and some euhedral biotite) of the Yunlu charnockite equilibrate at higher temperatures with crystallinities of ~30–45%, rather than the H2O-saturated solidus conditions. We thus propose a hypothesis of melt extraction at 780–820 °C in a deep-seated, slowly cooling, partially crystalline magma reservoir. The melt extraction physically segregates the early crystallized minerals from residual interstitial melts, which inhibits element difusion equilibration between these minerals and interstitial melts. Granite thermometry commonly yields a large range of temperature estimations, which may be related to melt extraction events. Our study shows that melt extraction recorded in granites can be identified by combining micro-texture, mineral thermometry and rhyolite-MELTS modeling, which further provides quantitative insights into the fractionation process of silicic magmas.

Keywords: Garnet-bearing charnockite; rhyolite-MELTS modeling; mineral thermometer; melt extraction; metamorphic overprint

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank B. Scaillet and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions that have helped improve the quality of this paper significantly. Further thanks go to C. Till’s editorial effort and constructive comments. We also appreciate J. Pearce for helpful discussion and language polishing. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41430208 and 41602046).

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Received: 2019-10-22
Accepted: 2020-07-17
Published Online: 2021-02-28
Published in Print: 2021-03-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part III: Primary chondrule mineralogy (4566 to 4561 Ma)
  2. Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Layer structures
  3. Raman signatures of the distortion and stability of MgCO3 to 75 GPa
  4. Competitive adsorption geometries for the arsenate As(V) and phosphate P(V) oxyanions on magnetite surfaces: Experiments and theory
  5. Probing the transformation paths from aluminum (oxy)hydroxides (boehmite, bayerite, and gibbsite) to metastable alumina: A view from high-resolution 27Al MAS NMR
  6. Crystal structures of K-cymrite and kokchetavite from single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  7. Fluid source and metal precipitation mechanism of sediment-hosted Chang’an orogenic gold deposit, SW China: Constraints from sulfide texture, trace element, S, Pb, and He-Ar isotopes and calcite C-O isotopes
  8. Iron isotope fractionation in reduced hydrothermal gold deposits: A case study of the Wulong gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula, East China
  9. Tungsten mineralization during the evolution of a magmatic-hydrothermal system: Mineralogical evidence from the Xihuashan rare-metal granite in South China
  10. Crystallization and melt extraction of a garnet-bearing charnockite from South China: Constraints from petrography, geochemistry, mineral thermometry, and rhyolite-MELTS modeling
  11. Reducing epistemic and model uncertainty in ionic inter-diffusion chronology: A 3D observation and dynamic modeling approach using olivine from Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion
  12. Memorial of James Joseph Papike (1937–2020)
  13. Erratum
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7335
Keywords for this article
Garnet-bearing charnockite; rhyolite-MELTS modeling; mineral thermometer; melt extraction; metamorphic overprint

Articles in the same Issue

  1. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part III: Primary chondrule mineralogy (4566 to 4561 Ma)
  2. Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Layer structures
  3. Raman signatures of the distortion and stability of MgCO3 to 75 GPa
  4. Competitive adsorption geometries for the arsenate As(V) and phosphate P(V) oxyanions on magnetite surfaces: Experiments and theory
  5. Probing the transformation paths from aluminum (oxy)hydroxides (boehmite, bayerite, and gibbsite) to metastable alumina: A view from high-resolution 27Al MAS NMR
  6. Crystal structures of K-cymrite and kokchetavite from single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  7. Fluid source and metal precipitation mechanism of sediment-hosted Chang’an orogenic gold deposit, SW China: Constraints from sulfide texture, trace element, S, Pb, and He-Ar isotopes and calcite C-O isotopes
  8. Iron isotope fractionation in reduced hydrothermal gold deposits: A case study of the Wulong gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula, East China
  9. Tungsten mineralization during the evolution of a magmatic-hydrothermal system: Mineralogical evidence from the Xihuashan rare-metal granite in South China
  10. Crystallization and melt extraction of a garnet-bearing charnockite from South China: Constraints from petrography, geochemistry, mineral thermometry, and rhyolite-MELTS modeling
  11. Reducing epistemic and model uncertainty in ionic inter-diffusion chronology: A 3D observation and dynamic modeling approach using olivine from Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion
  12. Memorial of James Joseph Papike (1937–2020)
  13. Erratum
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