Assessing exposure of young children to common endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the home environment: a review and commentary of the questionnaire-based approach

References

1. Barker DJ. The origins of the developmental origins theory. J Intern Med 2007;261(5):412–7.10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Bergman Å, Heindel JJ, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Zoeller RT. State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Geneva: Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals; 2012.10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020Search in Google Scholar

3. Unuvar T, Buyukgebiz A. Fetal and neonatal endocrine disruptors. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;4(2):51–60.10.4274/Jcrpe.569Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

4. Dodson RE, Nishioka M, Standley LJ, Perovich LJ, Brody JG, et al. Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120(7):935–43.10.1289/ehp.1104052Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

5. Keet B, Giera N, Gillet R, Verscueren K. Investigation of brominated flame retardants present in articles being used, recycled and disposed of in New Zealand. New Zealand: Ministry for the Environment, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

6. Rudel RA, Perovich LJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Atmos Environ 2009;43(1):170–81.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7. Webster TF, Harrad S, Millette JR, Holbrook RD, Davis JM, et al. Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (bde 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(9):3067–72.10.1021/es803139wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009;212(2):109–34.10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Toms L-M, Hearn L, Sjödin A, Mueller J. Human Exposure to Brominated Flame Retardants. In: Eljarrat E, Barceló D, editors. In: Brominated Flame Retardants. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011:203–39.Search in Google Scholar

10. Liu Z, Little JC. Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs): phthalates and flame retardants. In: PachecoTorgal F, Jalali S, Fucic A, editors. Toxicity of building materials. woodhead publishing in materials. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishers Ltd, 2012:122–37.Search in Google Scholar

11. Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors. Atmos Environ 2010;44(30):3609–20.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029Search in Google Scholar

12. Gurunathan S, Robson M, Freeman N, Buckley B, Roy A, et al. Accumulation of chlorpyrifos on residential surfaces and toys accessible to children. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106(1):9–16.10.1289/ehp.981069Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Simcox NJ, Fenske RA, Wolz SA, Lee IC, Kalman DA. Pesticides in household dust and soil: Exposure pathways for children of agricultural families. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103(12):1126–34.10.1289/ehp.951031126Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Morgan MK. Children’s exposures to pyrethroid insecticides at home: a review of data collected in published exposure measurement studies conducted in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012;9(8):2964–85.10.3390/ijerph9082964Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Braun JM, Sathyanarayana S, Hauser R. Phthalate exposure and children’s health. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013;25(2):247–54.10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835e1eb6Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

16. Kang JH, Kondo F, Katayama Y. Human exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicology 2006;226(2–3):79–89.10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Koureas M, Tsakalof A, Tsatsakis A, Hadjichristodoulou C. Systematic review of biomonitoring studies to determine the association between exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides and human health outcomes. Toxicol Lett 2012;210(2):155–68.10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Engel SM, Wolff MS. Causal inference considerations for endocrine disruptor research in children’s health. Annu Rev Public Health 2013;34:139–58.10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124556Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Rochester JR. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod Toxicol 2013;42:132–55.10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Kim YR, Harden FA, Toms LM, Norman RE. Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: a systematic review. Chemosphere, 2014.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Needham LL, Ozkaynak H, Whyatt RM, Barr DB, Wang RY, et al. Exposure assessment in the national children’s study: Introduction. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(8):1076–82.10.1289/ehp.7613Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Hines RN, Sargent D, Autrup H, Birnbaum LS, Brent RL, et al. Approaches for assessing risks to sensitive populations: Lessons learned from evaluating risks in the pediatric population. Toxicol Sci 2010;113(1):4–26.10.1093/toxsci/kfp217Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Sexton K, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals. Am Sci 2004;92(1):38–42, 4–5.10.1511/2004.45.921Search in Google Scholar

24. Needham LL, Sexton K. Assessing children’s exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: An overview of selected research challenges and complexities – Introduction and overview. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2000;10(6):611–29.Search in Google Scholar

25. Sexton K, Ryan AD. Using exposure biomarkers in children to compare between-child and within-child variance and calculate correlations among siblings for multiple environmental chemicals. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012;22(1):16–23.10.1038/jes.2011.30Search in Google Scholar

26. Albertini R, Bird M, Doerrer N, Needham L, Robison S, et al. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessments. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(11):1755–62.10.1289/ehp.9056Search in Google Scholar

27. Longnecker MP, Harbak K, Kissling GE, Hoppin JA, Eggesbo M, et al. The concentration of bisphenol A in urine is affected by specimen collection, a preservative, and handling. Environ Res 2013;126(0):211–4.10.1016/j.envres.2013.07.002Search in Google Scholar

28. Ozkaynak H, Whyatt RM, Needham LL, Akland G, Quackenboss J. Exposure assessment implications for the design and implementation of the National Children’s Study. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(8):1108–15.10.1289/ehp.7616Search in Google Scholar

29. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Design of exposure questionnaires for epidemiological studies. Occup Environ Med 2005;62(4):272–80, 12–4.10.1136/oem.2004.015206Search in Google Scholar

30. Coggon D. Questionnaire based exposure assessment methods. Sci Total Environ 1995;168(2):175–8.10.1016/0048-9697(95)04621-7Search in Google Scholar

31. White E, Armstrong BK, Saracci R, Armstrong BK. Principles of exposure measurement in epidemiology: collecting, evaluating, and improving measures of disease risk factors, 2nd ed. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008:428pp.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509851.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

32. Dillman DA, Smyth JD, Christian LM, Dillman DA. Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2009:499pp.Search in Google Scholar

33. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528616.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

34. Heffernan AL, Aylward LL, Samidurai AJ, Davies PS, Toms LM, et al. Short term variability in urinary bisphenol A in Australian children. Environ Int 2014;68C:139–43.10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.027Search in Google Scholar

35. Seifert B. Validity criteria for exposure assessment methods. Sci Total Environ 1995;168(2):101–7.10.1016/0048-9697(95)04613-6Search in Google Scholar

36. Bittner GD, Yang CZ, Stoner MA. Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products. Environ Health-Glob 2014;13:41.10.1186/1476-069X-13-41Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Bradman A, Castorina R, Sjodin A, Fenster L, Jones RS, et al. Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46(13):7373–81.10.1021/es3003487Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. Carrizo D, Grimalt JO, Ribas-Fito N, Sunyer J, Torrent M. Influence of breastfeeding in the accumulation of polybromodiphenyl ethers during the first years of child growth. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41(14):4907–12.10.1021/es070217uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Eskenazi B, Fenster L, Castorina R, Marks AR, Sjodin A, et al. A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(10):1442–8.10.1289/ehp.1002874Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

40. Link B, Gabrio T, Mann V, Schilling B, Maisner V, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/2003 and 2008/2009. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012;215(2):224–8.10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Lunder S, Hovander L, Athanassiadis I, Bergman A. Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young US children than in their mothers. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44(13):5256–62.10.1021/es1009357Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Rose M, Bennett DH, Bergman A, Fangstrom B, Pessah IN, et al. PBDEs in 2–5 year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44(7):2648–53.10.1021/es903240gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Stapleton HM, Eagle S, Sjodin A, Webster TF. Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120(7):1049–54.10.1289/ehp.1104802Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Windham GC, Pinney SM, Sjodin A, Lum R, Jones RS, et al. Body burdens of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organo-halogenated compounds and their descriptors in US girls. Environ Res 2010;110(3):251–7.10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

45. Becker K, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Heger W, Koch HM, et al. DEHP metabolites in urine of children and DEHP in house dust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004;207(5):409–17.10.1078/1438-4639-00309Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Brock JW, Caudill SP, Silva MJ, Needham LL, Hilborn ED. Phthalate monoesters levels in the urine of young children. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2002;68(3):309–14.10.1007/s001280255Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Carlstedt F, Jonsson BAG, Bornehag CG. PVC flooring is related to human uptake of phthalates in infants. Indoor Air 2013;23(1): 32–9.10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00788.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Casas M, Valvi D, Luque N, Ballesteros-Gomez A, Carsin AE, et al. Dietary and sociodemographic determinants of bisphenol A urine concentrations in pregnant women and children. Environ Int 2013;56:10–8.10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Hoepner LA, Whyatt RM, Just AC, Calafat AM, Perera FP, et al. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A in an urban minority birth cohort in New York City, prenatal through age 7 years. Environ Res 2013;122:38–44.10.1016/j.envres.2012.12.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Koch HM, Preuss R, Drexler H, Angerer J. Exposure of nursery school children and their parents and teachers to di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate. Int Arch Occ Env Health 2005;78(3):223–9.10.1007/s00420-004-0570-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Lakind JS, Naiman DQ. Daily intake of bisphenol A and potential sources of exposure: 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011;21(3):272–9.10.1038/jes.2010.9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Lewis RC, Meeker JD, Peterson KE, Lee JM, Pace GG, et al. Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children. Chemosphere 2013;93(10):2390–8.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.038Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Li X, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Chen ZF, Lai HJ, et al. 4-Nonylphenol, bisphenol-A and triclosan levels in human urine of children and students in China, and the effects of drinking these bottled materials on the levels. Environ Int 2013;52:81–6.10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Mendonca K, Hauser R, Calafat AM, Arbuckle TE, Duty SM. Bisphenol A concentrations in maternal breast milk and infant urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014;87(1):13–20.10.1007/s00420-012-0834-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Sathyanarayana S, Karr CJ, Lozano P, Brown E, Calafat AM, et al. Baby care products: possible sources of infant phthalate exposure. Pediatrics 2008;121(2):e260–8.10.1542/peds.2006-3766Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Trasande L, Sathyanarayana S, Jo Messito M, S Cross R, Attina TM, et al. Phthalates and the diets of U.S. children and adolescents. Environ Res 2013;126:84–90.10.1016/j.envres.2013.07.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Volkel W, Kiranoglu M, Fromme H. Determination of free and total bisphenol A in urine of infants. Environ Res 2011;111(1):143–8.10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Aprea C, Strambi M, Novelli MT, Lunghini L, Bozzi N. Biologic monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in 195 Italian children. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(6):521–5.10.1289/ehp.00108521Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

59. Babina K, Dollard M, Pilotto L, Edwards JW. Environmental exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in South Australian preschool children: a cross sectional study. Environ Int 2012;48:109–20.10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Becker K, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M, Hoppe H, et al. GerES IV pilot study: assessment of the exposure of German children to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006;209(3):221–33.10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.12.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Bradman A, Castorina R, Boyd Barr D, Chevrier J, Harnly ME, et al. Determinants of organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels in young children living in an agricultural community. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(4):1061–83.10.3390/ijerph8041061Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Bradman A, Whitaker D, Quiros L, Castorina R, Henn BC, et al. Pesticides and their metabolites in the homes and urine of farmworker children living in the Salinas Valley, CA. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2007;17(4):331–49.10.1038/sj.jes.7500507Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Lu CS, Toepel K, Irish R, Fenske RA, Barr DB, et al. Organic diets significantly lower children’s dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(2):260–3.10.1289/ehp.8418Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Lu CS, Barr DB, Pearson M, Bartell S, Bravo R. A longitudinal approach to assessing urban and suburban children’s exposure to pyrethroid pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(9):1419–23.10.1289/ehp.9043Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

65. Morgan MK, Jones PA. Dietary predictors of young children’s exposure to current-use pesticides using urinary biomonitoring. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;62(0):131–41.Search in Google Scholar

66. Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Jones PA, Chuang JC, et al. An observational study of 127 preschool children at their homes and daycare centers in Ohio: environmental pathways to cis- and trans-permethrin exposure. Environ Res 2007;104(2):266–74.10.1016/j.envres.2006.11.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Munoz-Quezada MT, Iglesias V, Lucero B, Steenland K, Barr DB, et al. Predictors of exposure to organophosphate pesticides in schoolchildren in the province of Talca, Chile. Environ Int 2012;47:28–36.10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

68. Naeher LP, Barr DB, Rithmire N, Edwards J, Holmes AK, et al. Pesticide exposure resulting from treatment of lice infestation in school-aged children in Georgia. Environ Int 2009;35(2): 358–62.10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Naeher LP, Tulve NS, Egeghy PP, Barr DB, Adetona O, et al. Organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticide urinary metabolite concentrations in young children living in a southeastern United States city. Sci Total Environ 2010;408(5): 1145–53.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Tulve NS, Egeghy PP, Fortmann RC, Whitaker DA, Nishioka MG, et al. Multimedia measurements and activity patterns in an observational pilot study of nine young children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008;18(1):31–44.10.1038/sj.jes.7500600Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Tulve NS, Egeghy PP, Fortmann RC, Xue JP, Evans J, et al. Methodologies for estimating cumulative human exposures to current-use pyrethroid pesticides. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011;21(3):317–27.10.1038/jes.2010.25Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Riederer AM, Bartell SM, Barr DB, Ryan PB. Diet and nondiet predictors of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in NHANES 1999–2002. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116(8):1015–22.10.1289/ehp.11082Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

73. Sexton K, Adgate JL, Eberly LE, Clayton CA, Whitmore RW, et al. Predicting children’s short-term exposure to pesticides: Results of a questionnaire screening approach. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111(1):123–8.10.1289/ehp.5823Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

74. Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Tulve NS, Clifton MS, Davis MD, et al. Urinary pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations in Northern California families and their relationship to indoor residential insecticide levels, part of the Study of Use of Products and Exposure Related Behavior (SUPERB). Environ Sci Technol 2014;48(3):1931–9.10.1021/es403661aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Ahn KC, Schenker MB, Tancredi DJ, et al. Concentrations of the urinary pyrethroid metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in farm worker families in the MICASA study. Environ Res 2014;131C:153–9.10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

76. Wilson NK, Strauss WJ, Iroz-Elardo N, Chuang JC. Exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos, diazinon, pentachlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid over 3 years from 2003 to 2005: A longitudinal model. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010;20(6):546–58.10.1038/jes.2009.45Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Moya J, Bearer CF, Etzel RA. Children’s behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):996–1006.10.1542/peds.113.S3.996Search in Google Scholar

78. Makri A, Goveia M, Balbus J, Parkin R. Children’s susceptibility to chemicals: a review by developmental stage. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2004;7(6):417–35.10.1080/10937400490512465Search in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Toms LML, Harden FA, Symons RK, Burniston D, Furst P, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia. Chemosphere 2007;68(5):797–803.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059Search in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Furst P, Furst C, Wilmers K. Human-milk as a bioindicator for body burden of PCDDs, PCDFs, organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:187–93.Search in Google Scholar

81. Main KM, Mortensen GK, Kaleva MM, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, et al. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(2): 270–6.10.1289/ehp.8075Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

82. Ye XY, Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006;831(1–2):110–5.10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.050Search in Google Scholar PubMed

83. Casas M, Chevrier C, Hond ED, Fernandez MF, Pierik F, et al. Exposure to brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and phenols in European birth cohorts: ENRIECO evaluation, first human biomonitoring results, and recommendations. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013;216(3):230–42.10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Braun JM, Kalkbrenner AE, Calafat AM, Bernert JT, Ye X, et al. Variability and predictors of urinary bisphenol A concentrations during pregnancy Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(1):131–7.10.1289/ehp.1002366Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

85. Carwile JL, Luu HT, Bassett LS, Driscoll DA, Yuan C, et al. Polycarbonate bottle use and urinary bisphenol A concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(9):1368–72.10.1289/ehp.0900604Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

86. Carwile JL, Ye X, Zhou X, Calafat AM, Michels KB. Canned soup consumption and urinary bisphenol A: A randomized crossover trial. J Am Med Assoc 2011;306(20):2218–20.10.1001/jama.2011.1721Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

87. Kuo HW, Ding WH. Trace determination of bisphenol A and phytoestrogens in infant formula powders by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004;1027(1–2):67–74.10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.084Search in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Mortensen GK, Main KM, Andersson AM, Leffers H, Skakkebaek NE. Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2005;382(4):1084–92.10.1007/s00216-005-3218-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

89. Hines EP, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Mendola P, Fenton SE. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and Serum of lactating North Carolina women. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(1):86–92.10.1289/ehp.11610Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Bhunia K, Sablani SS, Tang J, Rasco B. Migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers during microwave, conventional heat treatment, and storage. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013;12(5):523–45.10.1111/1541-4337.12028Search in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Riederer AM, Pearson MA, Lu C. Comparison of food consumption frequencies among NHANES and CPES children: implications for dietary pesticide exposure and risk assessment. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010;20(7):602–14.10.1038/jes.2009.48Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health. Plasticizers In: Etzel RA, editor. Pediatric Environmental Health, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

93. Bornehag CG, Lundgren B, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Hagerhed-Engman L, et al. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(10):1399–404.10.1289/ehp.7809Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

94. Horton MK, Bousleiman S, Jones R, Sjodin A, Liu XH, et al. Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health-Glob 2013;12.10.1186/1476-069X-12-23Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. Dunn RL, Huwe JK, Carey GB. Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in New Hampshire. Chemosphere 2010;80(10):1175–82.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Zhang X, Diamond ML, Ibarra C, Harrad S. Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(8):2845–50.10.1021/es802172aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Stapleton HM, Dodder NG, Offenberg JH, Schantz MM, Wise SA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39(4):925–31.10.1021/es0486824Search in Google Scholar PubMed

98. Whitehead TP, Brown FR, Metayer C, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential dust: sources of variability. Environ Int 2013;0:11–24.10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

99. Chen SJ, Ma YJ, Wang J, Chen D, Luo XJ, et al. Brominated flame retardants in children’s toys: concentration, composition, and children’s exposure and risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(11):4200–6.10.1021/es9004834Search in Google Scholar PubMed

100. Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Keller A, Ferguson PL, van Bergen S, et al. Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products. Environ Sci Technol 2011;45(12):5323–31.10.1021/es2007462Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

101. Toms LML, Sjodin A, Harden F, Hobson P, Jones R, et al. Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2–5 years of age) than in infants and adults. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(9):1461–5.10.1289/ehp.0900596Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Imm P, Knobeloch L, Buelow C, Anderson HA. Household Exposures to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(12): 1890–5.10.1289/ehp.0900839Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

103. Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM, Webstert TF. Linking PBDEs in house dust to consumer products using X-ray fluorescence. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42(11):4222–8.10.1021/es702964aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

104. Buttke DE, Wolkin A, Stapleton HM, Miranda ML. Associations between serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and environmental and behavioral factors in pregnant women. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013;23(2):176–82.10.1038/jes.2012.67Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

105. Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and children’s health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2008;38(2):34–49.10.1016/j.cppeds.2007.11.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

106. Manova E, von Goetz N, Keller C, Siegrist M, Hungerbuhler K. Use patterns of leave-on personal care products among swiss-german children, adolescents, and adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10(7):2778–98.10.3390/ijerph10072778Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

107. Wu XM, Bennett DH, Ritz B, Cassady DL, Lee K, et al. Usage pattern of personal care products in California households. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48(11):3109–19.10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

108. Serrano SE, Karr CJ, Seixas NS, Nguyen RH, Barrett ES, et al. Dietary phthalate exposure in pregnant women and the impact of consumer practices. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(6):6193–215.10.3390/ijerph110606193Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

109. Bradman A, Chevrier J, Tager I, Lipsett M, Sedgwick J, et al. Association of housing disrepair indicators with cockroach and rodent infestations in a cohort of pregnant Latina women and their children. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(12): 1795–801.10.1289/ehp.7588Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

110. Toms LM, Harden F, Paepke O, Hobson P, Ryan JJ, et al. Higher accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in infants than in adults. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42(19):7510–5.10.1021/es800719vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

111. Yinping Z, Jinhan M, Weschler CJ. Reducing health risks from indoor exposures in rapidly developing urban China. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121(7):751–5.10.1289/ehp.1205983Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

112. Sly LJ, Carpenter DO. Special vulnerability of children to environmental exposures. Rev Environ Health 2012;27(4): 151–7.Search in Google Scholar

113. Lewis RG, Fortmann RC, Camann DE. Evaluation of methods for monitoring the potential exposure of small children to pesticides in the residential environment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1994;26(1):37–46.10.1007/BF00212792Search in Google Scholar PubMed

114. Bearer CF. How are children different from adults. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:7–12.10.1289/ehp.95103s67Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

115. Bouma K, Schakel DJ. Migration of phthalates from PVC toys into saliva simulant by dynamic extraction. Food Addit Contam 2002;19(6):602–10.10.1080/02652030210125137Search in Google Scholar PubMed

116. Hubal EAC, Sheldon LS, Burke JM, McCurdy TR, Barry MR, et al. Children’s exposure assessment: A review of factors influencing children’s exposure, and the data available to characterize and assess that exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(6):475–86.10.1289/ehp.00108475Search in Google Scholar

117. Watkins DJ, McClean MD, Fraser AJ, Weinberg J, Stapleton HM, et al. Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: Evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(9):1247–52.10.1289/ehp.1003271Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

118. Stapleton HM, Misenheimer J, Hoffman K, Webster TF. Flame retardant associations between children’s handwipes and house dust. Chemosphere, 116:54–60.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

119. Melnyk LJ, Byron MZ, Brown GG, Clayton CA, Michael LC. Pesticides on household surfaces may influence dietary intake of children. Environ Sci Technol 2011;45(10):4594–601.10.1021/es104190kSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

120. Lewis RG, Fortune CR, Blanchard FT, Camann DE. Movement and deposition of two organophosphorus pesticides within a residence after interior and exterior applications. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 2001;51(3):339–51.10.1080/10473289.2001.10464281Search in Google Scholar PubMed

121. Wu XM, Bennett DH, Lee K, Cassady DL, Ritz B, et al. Feasibility of using web surveys to collect time-activity data. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012;22(2):116–25.10.1038/jes.2011.23Search in Google Scholar PubMed

122. Wu J, Jiang C, Jaimes G, Bartell S, Dang A, et al. Travel patterns during pregnancy: comparison between Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking and questionnaire data. Environ Health 2013;12(1):86.10.1186/1476-069X-12-86Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

123. Elgethun K, Yost MG, Fitzpatrick CTE, Nyerges TL, Fenske RA. Comparison of global positioning system (GPS) tracking and parent-report diaries to characterize children’s time-location patterns. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2006;17(2): 196–206.10.1038/sj.jes.7500496Search in Google Scholar PubMed

124. Thuresson K, Hoglund P, Hagmar L, Sjodin A, Bergman A, et al. Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(2): 176–81.10.1289/ehp.8350Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

125. Geyer HJ, Schramm K-W, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Feicht EA, et al. Terminal elimination half-lives of the brominated flame retardants TBBPA, HBCD, and lower brominated PBDEs in humans. Organohalogen Compounds 2004;66:3867–72.Search in Google Scholar

126. Barr DB, Wang RY, Needham LL. Biologic monitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals throughout the life stages: Requirements and issues for consideration for the National Children’s Study. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(8): 1083–91.10.1289/ehp.7617Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

127. Toms LML, Hearn L, Kennedy K, Harden F, Bartkow M, et al. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in matched samples of human milk, dust and indoor air. Environ Int 2009;35(6):864–9.10.1016/j.envint.2009.03.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

128. Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K. An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. Chemosphere 2009;76(4):542–8.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068Search in Google Scholar PubMed

129. Stahlhut RW, Welshons WV, Swan SH. Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(5):784–9.10.1289/ehp.0800376Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

130. Athanasiadou M, Cuadra SN, Marsh G, Bergman A, Jakobsson K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and bioaccumulative hydroxylated PBDE metabolites in young humans from Managua, Nicaragua. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116(3):400–8.10.1289/ehp.10713Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

131. Lu C, Kedan G, Fisker-Andersen J, Kissel JC, Fenske RA. Multipathway organophosphorus pesticide exposures of preschool children living in agricultural and nonagricultural communities. Environ Res 2004;96(3):283–9.10.1016/j.envres.2004.01.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

132. Grey CNB, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Golding J, Team A. Use and storage of domestic pesticides in the UK. Sci Total Environ 2006;368(2–3):465–70.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

133. Teitelbaum SL. Questionnaire assessment of nonoccupational pesticide exposure in epidemiologic studies of cancer. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2002;12(5):373–80.10.1038/sj.jea.7500238Search in Google Scholar PubMed

134. Colt JS, Lubin J, Camann D, Davis S, Cerhan J, et al. Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self-reported pest treatment practices in four US sites. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2004;14(1):74–83.10.1038/sj.jea.7500307Search in Google Scholar PubMed

135. Wu XM, Bennett DH, Ritz B, Tancredi DJ, Hertz-Picciotto I. Temporal variation of residential pesticide use and comparison of two survey platforms: a longitudinal study among households with young children in Northern California. Environ Health 2013;12.10.1186/1476-069X-12-65Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

136. Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Tancredi DJ, Gee SJ, Stoecklin-Marois MT, et al. Pyrethroids in house dust from the homes of farm worker families in the MICASA study. Environ Int 2013;61:57–63.10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

137. Bennett DH, Wu X, Teague CH, Lee K, Cassady DL, et al. Passive sampling methods to determine household and personal care product use. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012;22(2):148–60.10.1038/jes.2011.40Search in Google Scholar PubMed

138. Thompson KM. Changes in children’s exposure as a function of age and the relevance of age definitions for exposure and health risk assessment. MedGenMed. 2004;6(3):2.Search in Google Scholar

139. Townsend MK, Franke AA, Li X, Hu FB, Eliassen AH. Within-person reproducibility of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites over a 1–3 year period among women in the Nurses’ Health Studies: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health 2013;12(1):80.10.1186/1476-069X-12-80Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

140. Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Calafat AM, Ye X, Silva MJ, et al. Temporal variability in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, phytoestrogens and phenols among minority children in the United States. Environ Res 2008;106(2):257–69.10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

141. Horton MK, Kahn LG, Perera F, Barr DB, Rauh V. Does the home environment and the sex of the child modify the adverse effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on child working memory? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012;34(5):534–41.10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central