Recurring patterns in tone (chain) shift

References

Abramson, Arthur S. 1962. The vowels and tones of standard Thai: Acoustical measurements and experiments. Bloomington: Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar

Akharawatthanakun, Phinnarat. 2018. Tone systems and tone variation in Lue (Luang Nuea). In Proceedings of payap research symposium 2018, 754–770. Chiang Mai: Payap University.Search in Google Scholar

Akharawatthanakun, Phinnarat. 2020. Tone system and tone variation & change in Lao (Nam Pua). Vannavidas 20(1). 1–36. https://doi.org/10.14456/vannavidas.2020.1.Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, Jonathan, Nanette Veilleux, Alejna Brugos & Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. 2012. Tonal center of gravity: A global approach to tonal implementation in a level-based intonational phonology. Laboratory Phonology 3(2). 337–383. https://doi.org/10.1515/lp-2012-0017.Search in Google Scholar

Barrie, Michael. 2006. Tone circles and contrast preservation. Linguistic Inquiry 37(1). 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438906775321148.Search in Google Scholar

Baxter, William H. & Laurent Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A new reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945375.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Benn, Joshua. 2021. The phonetics, phonology, and historical development of Guienagati Zapotec. Buffalo, NY: State University of New York at Buffalo PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Bradley, Cornelius Beach. 1911. Graphic analysis of the tone-accents of the Siamese language. Journal of the American Oriental Society 31(3). 282–289. https://doi.org/10.2307/3087645.Search in Google Scholar

Brunelle, Marc. 2009. Northern and southern Vietnamese tone coarticulation: A comparative case study. Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 1. 49–62.10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Brunelle, Marc & James Kirby. 2024. Tonogenesis and the evolution of tone systems. In Adam Ledgeway, Edith Aldridge, Anne Breitbarth, Katalin É. Kiss, Joseph Salmons & Alexandra Simonenko (eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to diachronic linguistics. Oxford: John Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Brunelle, Marc, Kiều Phương Hạ & Martine Grice. 2016. Inconspicuous coarticulation: A complex path to sound change in the tone system of Hanoi Vietnamese. Journal of Phonetics 59. 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.001.Search in Google Scholar

Burns, Roslyn. 2021. Modeling gradient processes in Polabian vowel chain shifting and blocking. Journal of Historical Linguistics 11(1). 102–142. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.18021.bur.Search in Google Scholar

Burroni, Francesco. 2023. Dynamics of F0 planning and production: Contextual and rate effects on Thai tone gestures. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Burroni, Francesco & James Kirby. 2023. Speakers adaptively plan f0 trajectories under rate changes: Evidence from Thai contour tones. In Proceedings of the second international conference on tone and intonation, 18–20 Nov. Singapore: Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society.10.21437/TAI.2023-11Search in Google Scholar

Carroll, Lucien. 2010. A diachronic chain shift in the sandhi tones of Jinhua Wu. Paper presented at the linguistics student association Colloquium, San Diego State University.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486364Search in Google Scholar

Chirkova, Katia & Tao Gong. 2014. Simulating vowel chain shift in Xumi. Lingua 152. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.09.009.Search in Google Scholar

DiCanio, Christian, Joshua Benn & Rey Castillo García. 2021. Disentangling the effects of position and utterance-level declination on the production of complex tones in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec. Language and Speech 64(3). 515–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830920939132.Search in Google Scholar

Flemming, Edward & Hyesun Cho. 2017. The phonetic specification of contour tones: Evidence from the Mandarin rising tone. Phonology 34(1). 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675717000021.Search in Google Scholar

Gao, Jiayin & James Kirby. 2024. Laryngeal contrast and sound change: The production and perception of plosive voicing and co-intrinsic pitch. Language 100(1). 124–158. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2024.a922001.Search in Google Scholar

Garrett, Andrew & Keith Johnson. 2013. Phonetic bias in sound change. In Alan C. L. Yu (ed.), Origins of sound change: Approaches to phonologization, 51–97. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573745.003.0003Search in Google Scholar

Ge, Chunyu, Wenwei Xu, Wentao Gu & Peggy Pik Ki Mok. 2023. The change in breathy voice after tone split: A production study of Suzhou Wu Chinese. Journal of Phonetics 98. 101239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2023.101239.Search in Google Scholar

Gjersøe, Siri & Bert Remijsen. 2024. Perceptual sensitivity to tonal alignment in Nuer. Language and Speech 67(1). 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309231162299.Search in Google Scholar

Goldsmith, John. 1976. Autosegmental phonology. Boston: MIT PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, Matthew J. 2011. Methodological and theoretical issues in the study of chain shifting. Language and Linguistics Compass 5(11). 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2011.00310.x.Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, Matthew J. 2015. Exploring chain shifts, mergers, and near-mergers as changes in progress. In Patrick Honeybone & Joseph Salmons (eds.), The Oxford handbook of historical phonology, 173–190. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.009Search in Google Scholar

Gussenhoven, Carlos. 2004. The phonology of tone and intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511616983Search in Google Scholar

Hanssen, Judith, Jörg Peters & Carlos Gussenhoven. 2022. Responses to time pressure on phrase-final melodies in varieties of Dutch and West Frisian. Journal of Phonetics 93. 101150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2022.101150.Search in Google Scholar

Hao, Lixia, Wei Zhang, Yanlu Xie & Jinsong Zhang. 2017. Reanalyze fundamental frequency peak delay in Mandarin. In Proceedings of interspeech 2017, 3186–3190. Stockholm: ISCA.10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1235Search in Google Scholar

Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1954. De l’origine des tons en vietnamien. Journal Asiatique 242. 69–82.Search in Google Scholar

Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1982. Tonogenesis: Some recent speculations on the development of tone. Transactions of the Philological Society 80(1). 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1982.tb01192.x.Search in Google Scholar

Hombert, Jean-Marie, John J. Ohala & William G. Ewan. 1979. Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language 55(1). 37–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/412518.Search in Google Scholar

Hsieh, Fang-Ying. 2011. A gestural account of Mandarin Tone 3 variation. In Wai-Sum Lee & Eric Zee (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th international congress of phonetic sciences. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.Search in Google Scholar

Hyman, Larry M. 2007. Universals of tone rules: 30 years later. In Tomas Riad & Carlos Gussenhoven (eds.), Tones and tunes, vol. 1, Typological studies in word and sentence prosody, 1–34. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207569.1Search in Google Scholar

Hyman, Larry M.. 2011. Tone: Is it different? In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle & Alan C. L. Yu (eds.), Handbook of phonological theory, 2nd edn., 197–239. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444343069.ch7Search in Google Scholar

Hyman, Larry M. 2013. Enlarging the scope of phonologization. In Alan C. L. Yu (ed.), Origins of sound change: Approaches to phonologization, 3–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573745.003.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hyman, Larry M. 2025. Tone. In Lutz Marten, Ellen Hurst-Harosh, Nancy Kula & Jochen Zeller (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Bantu languages, 162–177. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hyman, Larry M. & Russell G. Schuh. 1974. Universals of tone rules: Evidence from West Africa. Linguistic Inquiry 5(1). 81–115.Search in Google Scholar

Karlin, Robin. 2018. Towards an articulatory model of tone: A cross-linguistic investigation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PhD dissertation https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/64937.Search in Google Scholar

Kristoffersen, Gjert. 2021. Tonal variation and change in Dalarna Swedish. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33(2). 179–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147054272000015X.Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change. In Internal factors, vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William, Malcah Yaeger & Richard Steiner. 1972. A quantitative study of sound change in progress. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Search in Google Scholar

Ladd, D. Robert. 2008. Intonational phonology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511808814Search in Google Scholar

Laniran, Yetunde O. & George N. Clements. 2003. Downstep and high raising: Interacting factors in Yoruba tone production. Journal of Phonetics 31(2). 203–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(02)00098-0.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Albert, Santitham Prom-on & Yi Xu. 2017. Pre-low raising in Japanese pitch accent. Phonetica 74(4). 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452312.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Albert, Santitham Prom-on & Yi Xu. 2021. Pre-low raising in Cantonese and Thai: Effects of speech rate and vowel quantity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149. 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0002976.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Jindai. 2010. 都匀话老中青三代的语音差异 [Phonetic differences in Duyun dialect spoken by the old, the middle-aged, and the youth]. Guiyang Xueyuan Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) [Journal of Guiyang University (Social science quarterly)] 2010(3). 62–66.Search in Google Scholar

Liang, Lei & Xiaolin Meng. 2011. A sociophonetic study on tones of Chongqing Mandarin in gender and age difference. In Wai-Sum Lee & Eric Zee (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th international conference on phonetic sciences (ICPhS XVII), 1230–1233. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.Search in Google Scholar

Liang, Yuan. 2018. Merger and transfer: Tone variation and change of Dongguan Cantonese. Lingua 208. 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2018.03.003.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, Qing. 2019. The diachrony of tone sandhi: Evidence from Southern Min Chinese (frontiers in Chinese linguistics). 6. Beijing: Peking University Press and Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.10.1007/978-981-13-1939-6Search in Google Scholar

McPherson, Laura. 2019. Seenku argument-head tone sandhi: Allomorph selection in a cyclic grammar. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.798.Search in Google Scholar

Mortensen, David. 2002. Semper infidelis: Theoretical dimensions of tone sandhi chains in Jingpho and A-hmao. Berkeley: University of California Unpublished manuscript.Search in Google Scholar

Petersen, Stacy. 2018. Accounting for diphthongs: Duration as contrast in vowel dispersion theory. Georgetown: Georgetown University PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Phonyarit, Ratchadaporn. 2015. Tonal variation in the Southern Thai dialect of Songkhla by age group and region. Bangkok: Mahidol University MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2018. Phonetic and systemic biases in tonal contour changes in Bangkok Thai. In Haruo Kubozono & Mikio Giriko (eds.), Tonal change and neutralization (Phonology and Phonetics), vol. 27, 249–278. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110567502-010Search in Google Scholar

Qu, Zhousuo. 2020. 红河切普声调特点及实验分析 [Experimental analysis in Qiepu Hani of Honghe County]. Kunming: Yunnan Normal University MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra: Pacific linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Australian National University. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146760 (accessed 6 March 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Remijsen, Bert. 2001a. Dialectal variation in the lexical tone system of Maˈya. Language and Speech 44(4). 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309010440040301.Search in Google Scholar

Remijsen, Bert. 2001b. Word-prosodic systems of Raja Ampat languages (LOT 49). Utrecht: LOT.Search in Google Scholar

Rose, Phil. 2014. Mr. White goes to market: Running speech and citation tones in a Southern Thai bidialectal. In Jennifer Hay & Emma Parnell (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th Australasian international conference on speech science and technology, 110–113. Christchurch: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association.Search in Google Scholar

Saeng-Ngam, Suntharat. 2006. Lexical and tonal variation by age group and language attitude in the Song language (Black Tai) of Amphoe Khao Yoy, Changwat Phetchaburi [in Thai]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University MA thesis. https://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/15290/1/suntharat.pdf (accessed 5 March 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Shaw, Jason A. & Kevin Tang. 2021. A dynamic neural field model of leaky prosody: Proof of concept. In Proceedings of the 2022 annual meeting on phonology. Linguistic Society of America.10.31234/osf.io/7guwqSearch in Google Scholar

Silverman, Daniel. 1997. Tone sandhi in comaltepec Chinantec. Language 73(3). 473–492. https://doi.org/10.2307/415881.Search in Google Scholar

Tang, Kevin & Jason A. Shaw. 2021. Prosody leaks into the memories of words. Cognition 210. 104601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104601.Search in Google Scholar

Teeranon, Phanintra. 2010. The change of lexicons and tones in Chiangrai Tai Lue by age group and ease of transportation [in Thai]. Chiang Rai: Mae Fah Luang University MA thesis. https://archives.mfu.ac.th/database/items/show/1795 (accessed 5 March 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, Erik R. 2003. Secrets revealed by Southern vowel shifting. American Speech 78(2). 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-78-2-150.Search in Google Scholar

Tilsen, Sam. 2013. Inhibitory mechanisms in speech planning maintain and maximize contrast. In Alan C. L. Yu (ed.), Origins of sound change: Approaches to phonologization, 112–127. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573745.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

Tilsen, Sam. 2016. Selection and coordination: The articulatory basis for the emergence of phonological structure. Journal of Phonetics 55. 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.11.005.Search in Google Scholar

Tilsen, Sam. 2019. Motoric mechanisms for the emergence of non-local phonological patterns. Frontiers in Psychology 10. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02143.Search in Google Scholar

Tupper, Paul, Keith Leung, Yue Wang, Allard Jongman & Joan A. Sereno. 2020. Characterizing the distinctive acoustic cues of Mandarin tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(4). 2570–2580. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001024.Search in Google Scholar

Vũ, Thanh Phuong. 1982. Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects. In David Bradley (ed.), Papers in South-East Asian linguistics, vol. 8, 55–76. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, William S-Y. 1967. Phonological features of tone. International Journal of American Linguistics 33(2). 93–105.10.1086/464946Search in Google Scholar

Wongrukhave, Pavaret & Jomkwan Sudhinont. 2022. การแปรของระบบเสียงวรรณยุกต์ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้จั งหวัดพัทลุงตามปัจจัยทางสังคมด้านอายุ [Variations and tonal systems of Southern Thai dialect of Phatthalung Province according to the sociological factor of age]. วารสารสหวิทยาการสังคมศาสตร์และการสื่อสาร [Multidisciplinary journal in humanities and social sciences] 5(3). 122–136. https://doi.org/10.14456/issc.2022.12.Search in Google Scholar

Xiang, Ning & Feng Shi. 2007. 长沙话单字调的声学实验与统计分析 [Acoustic experiment and statistical analysis of Changsha citation tones]. Yuyan Yanjiu [Language Research] 2. 53–58.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Yi. 1997. Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics 25(1). 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1996.0034.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Yi. 2001. Fundamental frequency peak delay in Mandarin. Phonetica 58(1–2). 26–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000028487.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Yi. 2009. Timing and coordination in tone and intonation: An articulatory-functional perspective. Lingua 119(6). 906–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.09.015.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Yi & Xuejing Sun. 2002. Maximum speed of pitch change and how it may relate to speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111(3). 1399–1413. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1445789.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Cathryn. 2022. The phonetic tone change *high > rising: Evidence from the Ngwi dialect laboratory. Diachronica 39(2). 226–267. https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19062.yan.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Cathryn. 2023. Tone change in Mandarin: Comparing acoustic analyses from the early 20th century to today. In Radek Skarnitzl & Jan Volín (eds.), Proceedings of the 20th international congress of phonetic sciences, 1930–1934. Prague: International Phonetics Association.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Cathryn & Yi Xu. 2019. Crosslinguistic trends in tone change: A review of tone change studies in East and Southeast Asia. Diachronica 36(3). 417–459. https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18002.yan.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Cathryn, James N. Stanford, Chunxia Luo & Naluo Zhang. 2022. Generational differences in the low tones of Black Lahu. Linguistics Vanguard 8(s5). 759–770. https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0099.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Cathryn, Jennifer Engelkemier & Tatsuro Daniel Arisawa. 2024. Iu Mien tone change in real time: A re-study of L-Thongkum (1988). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 17(1). 63–80.Search in Google Scholar

Yi, Li, Li Han, Yingyi Li & Juejue Mu. 2024. An ongoing tonal-pattern change: Lanzhou dialect. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 52(2). 336–361. https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a923482.Search in Google Scholar

Yip, Moira. 2002. Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jie. 2002. The effects of duration and sonority on contour tone distribution: A typological survey and formal analysis. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jie. 2014. Tones, tonal phonology, and tone sandhi. In C.-T. James Huang, Y.-H. Audrey Li & Andrew Simpson (eds.), The handbook of Chinese linguistics, 443–464. John Wiley.10.1002/9781118584552.ch17Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jingwei. 2014. A sociophonetic study on tonal variation of the Wúxī and Shànghǎi dialects. Utrecht: LOT.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jingfen & Xiaonong Zhu. 2017. 声调大链移 – – – 从惠来普宁一带的共时差异看声调的系统演化 [The great tonal chain shift: Exploring the tonal evolution from synchronic patterns and variations in Huilai and Puning]. Zhongguo Yuwen 2017(5). 522–535.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jingwei. 2019. Tone mergers in Cantonese: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao, and Zhuhai. Asia-Pacific Language Variation 5(1). 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.18007.zha.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Tiantian. 2020. 声调演变类型学视角下的凤庆俐侎 彝语中升24 调的平化 [The transformation of 24 tone in Limi Yi]. Journal of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities 40(2). 66–73.Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, Xiaonong. 2018. 演化比较方法:如何进行声调演化的研究 [The evolutionary comparative method: How to conduct studies of tonal evolution?]. Yuyan Kexue 2018(2). 113–132.Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, Xiaonong, Qing Lin & Pratchaya Saengthong. 2015. 泰语声调的类型和顺时针链移 [Typology of Thai tones and the clockwise tonal chain shift]. Minzu Yuwen 2015(4). 3–18.Search in Google Scholar

Zsiga, Elizabeth & Rattima Nitisaroj. 2007. Tone features, tone perception, and peak alignment in Thai. Language and Speech 50(3). 343–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309070500030301.Search in Google Scholar