Abstract
This paper presents the results of an areal study of the elements known as (sentence-)final particles (FPs) in the languages of Asia. FPs constitute a crucial part of many languages of the region and are reported in language-particular descriptions under various labels. However, they have not been the subject of large-scale areal studies. In this paper, I discuss the morphosyntactic and functional properties typically exhibited by the FPs of Asian languages and the parameters of their variation. On the basis of a sample of 53 languages and 6 sample functional types of FPs, I explore the areal distribution of FPs of the Asian type. I demonstrate that different FP-isoglosses exhibit different geographical coverage, but the overlap of some of them allows us to speak of a structural phenomenon highly typical of a macroarea which includes East, Southeast, and Northeast Asia.
Abbreviations
- 1/2/3
1st/2nd/3rd person
- AGT
agentive
- ABL
ablative
- ACC
accusative
- AL
allocutive
- AOR
aorist
- ASP
aspect
- BEN
benefactive
- CIT
quotative
- COM
comitative
- COP
copula
- CV
converb
- DAT
dative
- DE
declarative
- DEF
definite article
- DIR
directional prefix
- DTV
directive
- EA
East Asia
- EDU
elementary discourse unit
- EXH
exhaustive auxiliary
- FOC
focus
- FP
final particle
- FT
future
- GEN
genitive
- GP
gender & politeness
- HAB
habitual
- HS
hearsay
- IND
indicative
- IFR
inferential
- IK
indirect knowledge
- INC
inchoative
- LOC
locative
- MI
mirative
- NOM
nominative
- POL
politeness
- POSS
possessive
- PT
preterite
- SG
singular
- NEG
negation
- PFV
perfective
- PRF
perfect
- PR
present
- PT
preterite
- PQ
polar question
- RSP
respective
- TOP
topic
- REDUP
reduplication
- REL
relativizer
- RES
resultative
- RP
reflexive possession
Acknowledgements
This project has received funding from the European Social Fund (project No 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0010) under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT). I thank Axel Holvoet, Mikhail Oslon, Wayles Browne, Ilja Seržant, Ad Foolen, Martin Haspelmath, all the members of Grammatical Universals project (University of Leipzig), and the anonymous reviewers for their help and advice. I am also thankful to Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (Jena) and Annemarie Verkerk in particular for the opportunity to use the library and the digital resources.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Phonosemantic biases found in Leipzig-Jakarta lists of 66 languages
- Final particles in Asia: Establishing an areal feature
- Continuous and discontinuous nominal expressions in flexible (or “free”) word order languages: Patterns and correlates
- Areal patterns in the vowel systems of the Macro-Sudan Belt
- Book Reviews
- Nganasan: A fresh focus on a little known Arctic language
- A Grammar of Kusaal: A Mabia (Gur) Language of Northern Ghana
- Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe, and Lila San Roque: Egophoricity
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: Topicality and the typology of predicative possession
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Phonosemantic biases found in Leipzig-Jakarta lists of 66 languages
- Final particles in Asia: Establishing an areal feature
- Continuous and discontinuous nominal expressions in flexible (or “free”) word order languages: Patterns and correlates
- Areal patterns in the vowel systems of the Macro-Sudan Belt
- Book Reviews
- Nganasan: A fresh focus on a little known Arctic language
- A Grammar of Kusaal: A Mabia (Gur) Language of Northern Ghana
- Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe, and Lila San Roque: Egophoricity
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: Topicality and the typology of predicative possession