Abstract
Consistent evidence suggests the effectiveness of mental imagery (MI) for improving strength training performance (STP). However, strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches infrequently encourage use of MI, potentially believing athletes perceive it to be ineffective in supporting STP Additionally, psychoeducation has been found to affect perceptions regarding information presented. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions and desires of athletes regarding the effectiveness and use of MI to support STP. The impact of an animated psychoeducation video on perceptions of effectiveness and desires to learn more about MI for STP was assessed as well. 47 NCAA Division I student athletes (various sports; female: n = 34) participated in the pre-post study. Participants’ use of MI, S&C coaches’ encouragement of MI, perceptions of MI effectiveness on STP, and interest in learning more about MI to support STP were initially assessed. Following a two-minute video, participants’ perceptions of MI effectiveness on STP and interest in learning more about MI to support STP were reassessed. Significant increases were found in participants’ perceptions of MI effectiveness to support STP (p < 0.05). No significant changes were noticed regarding athletes’ desires to learn more about MI to support STP. Although potentially uninterested in learning more about MI, student athletes indeed perceive MI to be effective, especially after provided with information. Encouragement of MI by S&C coaches to their student athletes is warranted.
References
Andersen, M. B. (2009). Sport psychology in practice. In B. W. Brewer (Ed.), Handbook of sports medicine and science: Sport psychology (pp. 121–132). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley- Blackwell.10.1002/9781444303650.ch12Search in Google Scholar
Arguel, A., & Jamet, E. (2009). Using video and static pictures to improve learning of procedural contents. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 354–359.10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.014Search in Google Scholar
Arvinen-Barrow, M., Penny, G., Hemmings, & Corr, C. (2010). UK chartered physiotherapist’ personal experiences in using psychological interventions with injured athletes: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 58–66.10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.004Search in Google Scholar
Arvinen-Barrow, M., Weigand, D. A., Thomas, S., Hemmings, B., & Walley, M. (2007). Elite and novice athletes’ imagery use in open and closed sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 93–104.10.1080/10413200601102912Search in Google Scholar
Avila, B. J., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., & Statler, T. A. (2015). Effects of imagery on force production and jump performance. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 18(4), 42–48.Search in Google Scholar
Bäuml, J., Froböse, T., Kraemer, S., Rentrop, M., & Pitschel-Walz, G. (2006). Psychoeducation: A basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Suppl 1), S1–S9.10.1093/schbul/sbl017Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chaiwanichsiri, D., Tangkaewfa, S., Janchai, S., & Aksaranugraha, S. (2006). Effects of imagery-weight exercise. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand, 89(8), 1260–1264.Search in Google Scholar
Eisner, M. T., Elder, C., Elder, A. S., & Kelly, C. (2014). Collegiate athletes’ perceptions on the importance of strength and conditioning coaches and their contribution to increased athletic performance. Journal of Athletic Enhancement, 3(4), 1–9.Search in Google Scholar
Hale, B. D., Seiser, L., McGuire, E. J., & Weinrich, E. (2005). Mental imagery. In J. Taylor, & G. Willson (Eds.), Applying sport psychology: Four perspectives (pp. 117–136). Champagne, Illinois: Human Kinetics.Search in Google Scholar
Hall, C. R., Rodgers, W. M., & Barr, K. A. (1990). The use of imagery by athletes in selected sports. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 1–10.10.1123/tsp.4.1.1Search in Google Scholar
Hamson-Utley, J. J., Martin, S., & Walters, J. (2008). Athletic trainers’ and physical therapists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of psychological skills within sport injury rehabilitation programs. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 258–264.10.4085/1062-6050-43.3.258Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the athlete-coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 313–331.10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0Search in Google Scholar
Lebon, F., Collet, C., & Guillot, A. (2010). Benefits of motor imagery training on muscle strength. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(6), 1680–1687.10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d8e936Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., & Hall, C. R. (1999). Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 245–268.10.1123/tsp.13.3.245Search in Google Scholar
Mellalie, S. D., Hanton, & Thomas, O. (2009). The effects of a motivational general-arousal imagery intervention upon preperformance symptoms in male rugby union players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 175–185.10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.003Search in Google Scholar
Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Search in Google Scholar
Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. E., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 514–524.10.1123/jsep.35.5.514Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Murphy, P., & Waddington, I. (2007). Are elite athletes exploited? Sport in Society, 10(2), 239–255.10.1080/17430430601147096Search in Google Scholar
NSCA: National Strength and Conditioning Association. (2009). Strength & Conditioning professional standards and guidelines. Retrieved from: https://www.nsca.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=638Search in Google Scholar
Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The effects of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(3), 323–337.10.1080/10413200.2011.643442Search in Google Scholar
Radcliffe, J. N., Comfort, P., & Fawcett, T. (2013). The perception of psychology and the frequency of psychological strategies used by strength and conditioning practitioners. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(4), 1136–1146.10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182606ddcSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Radcliffe, J. N., Comfort, P., & Fawcett, T. (2015). Psychological strategies included by strength and conditioning coaches in applied strength and conditioning. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(9), 2641–2654.10.1519/JSC.0000000000000919Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ranganathan, V. K., Siemionow, V., Liu, J. Z., Sahgal, V., & Yue, G. H. (2004). From mental power to muscle power-gaining strength by using the mind. Neuropsychologia, 42(7), 944–956.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Reiser, M., Büsch, D., & Munzert, J. (2011). Strength gains by motor imagery with different ratios of physical to mental practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 194. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00194Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Richter, J., Gilbert, J. N., & Baldis, M. (2012). Maximizing strength training performance using mental imagery. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(5), 65–69.10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182668c3dSearch in Google Scholar
Sharp, W., Hargrove, D. S., Johnson, L., & Deal, W. P. (2006). Mental health education: An evaluation of a classroom based strategy to modify help seeking for mental health problems. Journal of College Student Development, 47(4), 419–438.10.1353/csd.2006.0051Search in Google Scholar
Silbernagel, M. S., Short, S. E., & Ross-Stewart, L. C. (2007). Athletes of exercise imagery during weight training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1077–1081.10.1519/R-20746.1Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Slimani, M., Chamari, K., Boudhiba, D., & Chéour, F. (2016). Mediator and moderator variables of imagery use-motor learning and sport performance relationships: A narrative review. Sport Sciences for Health, 12(1), 1–9.10.1007/s11332-016-0265-1Search in Google Scholar
Smith, D. J. (2003). A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Medicine, 33(15), 1103–1126.10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sohlberg, M. M., & Ledbetter, A. K. (2016). Management of persistent cognitive symptoms after sport-related concussion. American Journal of Speech-language Pathology, 25(2), 138–149.10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0128Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sperry, S., Thompson, J. K., Roehrig, M., & Vandello, J. (2005). The influence of communicator weight on psychoeducational message acceptance in females with high vs. low levels of body image disturbance. Eating Behaviors, 6(3), 247–258.10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.01.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Statler, T. (2012). Applied sport psychology for the strength & conditioning coach. In J. Chandler, & L. Brown (Eds.), Conditioning for strength and human performance (pp. 423–436). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Search in Google Scholar
Weinberg, R., Butt, J., Knight, B., Burke, K. L., & Jackson, A. (2003). The relationship between the use and effectiveness of imagery: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(1), 26–40.10.1080/10413200305398Search in Google Scholar
Williams, S. L., & French, D. P. (2011). What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour—and are they the same? Health Education Research, 26(2), 308–322.10.1093/her/cyr005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wrisberg, C. A., Simpson, D., Loberg, L. A., Withycombe, J. L., & Reed, A. (2009). NCAA Division-I student-athletes’ receptivity to mental skills training by sport psychology consultants. The Sport Psychologist, 23(4), 470–486.10.1123/tsp.23.4.470Search in Google Scholar
Zizzi, S. J., & Perna, F. M. (2003). Impact of a brief workshop on stages of change profiles in athletes. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 5(4), 1–8.Search in Google Scholar
Note
To be submitted to Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity.
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Examining the Effectiveness of a PETTLEP Imagery Intervention on the Football Skill Performance of Novice Athletes
- Investigating the Predictors of Intrusive Visual Imagery in Elite Athletes
- Review
- Mental Imagery in Volleyball Settings: A Scoping Review
- The Effectiveness of Mental Practice Interventions on Psychological Health in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review
- Research Article
- Mental Imagery and Strength Training: Student Athletes’ Perceptions, Desires, and the Impact of Psychoeducation
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Examining the Effectiveness of a PETTLEP Imagery Intervention on the Football Skill Performance of Novice Athletes
- Investigating the Predictors of Intrusive Visual Imagery in Elite Athletes
- Review
- Mental Imagery in Volleyball Settings: A Scoping Review
- The Effectiveness of Mental Practice Interventions on Psychological Health in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review
- Research Article
- Mental Imagery and Strength Training: Student Athletes’ Perceptions, Desires, and the Impact of Psychoeducation