Applying the GOCE-based GGMs for the quasi-geoid modelling of Finland
-
Timo Saari
and
Mirjam Bilker-Koivula
Abstract
The gravity satellite mission GOCE made its final observations in the fall of 2013. Since the re-entry to the Earth’s atmosphere, the full cycle of the GOCE data has been published by ESA. At first, we evaluated all the GOCE-based global geoid models over Finland using terrestrial gravity and GNSS-levelling data. The most suitable model was selected as a global background model for the Finnish quasi-geoid calculations.
Next, we combined the chosen model with terrestrial gravity data of Finland and surrounding areas. Quasi-geoid models with different modifications were calculated using the GOCE DIR5 model up to spherical harmonic degree and order (d/o) 240 and 300, and the high resolution EIGEN-6C4 (includes the complete GOCE data) model up to degree and order 1000 and 2190.
The calculated quasi-geoid models were validated to the measurements on site with two independent GPS-levelling datasets. The best quasi-geoid models with GOCE gave standard deviations of 2.6 cm (FIN_DIR5 d/o 240) and 2.3 cm (FIN_DIR5 d/o 300) in Finland. For the high resolution model FIN_EIGEN-6C4, the results were 1.8 cm (d/o 1000) and 1.7 cm (d/o 2190). In addition, the results were compared with the latest geoid models available in Finland (FIN2005N00, NKG2004, NKG2015, EGG2008). The sub-2-centimetre (and near 2 cm, when using the GOCE-based models) accuracy is an improvement over the previous and current Finnish geoid models.
Funding statement: This research has been funded by a grant of the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, and the ESA-MOST Dragon 3 Cooperation Programme contract No. 4000110315/14/I-BG.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.
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© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Assessing the quality of GEOID12B model through field surveys
- Applying the GOCE-based GGMs for the quasi-geoid modelling of Finland
- Application of neural network technique to determine a corrector surface for global geopotential model using GPS/levelling measurements in Egypt
- A Kalman filtering approach to code positioning for GNSS using Cayley-Menger determinants in distance geometry
- Investigation of a L1-optimized choke ring ground plane for a low-cost GPS receiver-system
- An accurate Kriging-based regional ionospheric model using combined GPS/BeiDou observations
- Testing deformation hypotheses by constraints on a time series of geodetic observations
- Accuracy and reliability of gyro measurements at today’s tunnelling projects
- Effect of target color and scanning geometry on terrestrial LiDAR point-cloud noise and plane fitting
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Assessing the quality of GEOID12B model through field surveys
- Applying the GOCE-based GGMs for the quasi-geoid modelling of Finland
- Application of neural network technique to determine a corrector surface for global geopotential model using GPS/levelling measurements in Egypt
- A Kalman filtering approach to code positioning for GNSS using Cayley-Menger determinants in distance geometry
- Investigation of a L1-optimized choke ring ground plane for a low-cost GPS receiver-system
- An accurate Kriging-based regional ionospheric model using combined GPS/BeiDou observations
- Testing deformation hypotheses by constraints on a time series of geodetic observations
- Accuracy and reliability of gyro measurements at today’s tunnelling projects
- Effect of target color and scanning geometry on terrestrial LiDAR point-cloud noise and plane fitting
