Constraints on the shape of second language learner varieties

Abstract

Recently, competing views have been put forward to account for the shape of second language learner varieties. The discussion has focussed on the role of L1 knowledge, the accessibility of universal constraints on linguistic structure and cognitive principles of language learning. Contradicting claims have been made with respect to L1 transfer, driving forces in L2 development and fossilization. In the discussion, however, relevant findings from earlier research seem to be missing. Transfer, for example, is not a random process. Constraints on transfer can be described in terms of structural similarities and dissimilarities between L1 and the L2 target equivalent. Furthermore, findings from studies on acquisitional ordering are of relevance for the investigation of driving forces in L2 development. Finally, studies comparing adult and child language acquisition have provided evidence for the interaction between input processing and fossilization.