Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the construction of unequal personhood in the institutional logics for the implementation of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) policy. I build on the theories of figures of personhood and figured worlds to discuss how institutions (public schools) use multiple semiotic resources to characterize students’ diverse personality traits that reproduce neoliberal subjectivities shaping their EMI policies. The data for this article are drawn from ethnographic observations and interviews with the teachers from two Nepali public schools that have recently introduced a segregated EMI policy. The analysis of data shows that EMI schools use ‘śikṣita’, ‘sabhya’ and ‘yogya’ personality traits to justify the relevance of EMI policy to produce the educated person. The construction of such person types is shaped by sociocultural and political-economic ideologies and build unequal personhood, reinforcing neoliberal subjecthood and epistemic injustice. My recommendation is that we need to pay attention to examining how language policies in education construct unequal personhood by assigning, imposing, and imaging discriminatory personality traits which remain as the foundation of social injustice.
References
Agha, Asif. 2011. Large and small scale forms of personhood. Language & Communication 31(3). 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2011.02.006.Search in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, Usree. 2013. Mediating inequalities: Exploring English-medium instruction in a suburban Indian village school. Current Issues in Language Planning 14(1). 164–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.791236.Search in Google Scholar
Block, David. 2018. Political economy and sociolinguistics: Neoliberalism, inequality and social class. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar
Braun, Victoria & Virginia Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3. 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.Search in Google Scholar
Caddell, Martha. 2006. Private schools as battlefields: Contested visions of learning and livelihood in Nepal. Compare 36(4). 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920601024909.Search in Google Scholar
Catedral, Lydia & Madina Djuraeva. 2018. Language ideologies and (im)moral images of personhood in multilingual family language planning. Language Policy 17(4). 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9455-9.Search in Google Scholar
Cho, Jinhyun. 2015. Sleepless in Seoul: Neoliberalism, English fever, and linguistic insecurity among Korean interpreters. Multilingua 34(5). 687–710. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2013-0047.Search in Google Scholar
Cushing, Ian Alexandra, Georgiou & Petros Karatsareas. 2021. Where two worlds meet: Language policing in mainstream and complementary schools in England. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1933894.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Kathryn A. & Prem Phyak. 2017. Engaged language policy and practices. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Dearden, Julie. 2014. English as a medium of instruction – A growing global phenomenon. London: British Council.Search in Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Vintage.Search in Google Scholar
Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fricker, Miranda. 2017. Evolving concepts of epistemic injustice. In Ian James Kidd, José Medina & Gaile M. Pohlhaus (eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice, 53–60. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Ghimire, Nani Babu. 2019. English as a medium of instruction: Students’ discernment in Nepal. Education and Development 29. 146–160. https://doi.org/10.3126/ed.v29i0.32580.Search in Google Scholar
Gorski, Paul C. 2011. Unlearning deficit ideology and the scornful gaze: Thoughts on authenticating the class discourse in education. Counterpoints 402. 152–173.Search in Google Scholar
Highet, Katy. 2022. “She will control my son”: Navigating womanhood, English and social mobility in India. Journal of Sociolinguistics 26. 648–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12567.Search in Google Scholar
Holland, Dorothy, William LachicotteJr., Debra Skinner & Carole Cain. 1998. Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, Massachusets: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kuchah, Kuchah. 2018. Early English medium instruction in Francophone Cameroon: The injustice of equal opportunity. System 73. 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.10.001.Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Bradley A. & Dorothy C. Holland. 1996. The cultural production of the educated person: An introduction. In Bradley A. Levinson, Douglas E. Foley & Dorothy C. Holland (eds.), The cultural production of the educated person: Critical ethnographies of schooling and local practice, 1–54. Albany: State University of New York Press.Search in Google Scholar
Liechty, Mark. 2003. Suitably modern: Making middle-class culture in a new consumer society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Lo, Adrienne. 2009. Lessons about respect and affect in a Korean heritage language school. Linguistics and Education 20(3). 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2009.07.002.Search in Google Scholar
Milligan, Lizzi O. 2020. Towards a social and epistemic justice approach for exploring the injustices of English as a medium of instruction in basic education. Educational Review 74. 927–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1819204.Search in Google Scholar
Milligan, Lizzi O. & Leon Tikly. 2016. English as a medium of instruction in postcolonial contexts: Moving the debate forward. Comparative Education 52(3). 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185251.Search in Google Scholar
Nepal Academy. 2022. Pragya Nepali brihat bhabdakosh. Kathmandu: Nepal Academy.Search in Google Scholar
Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2010. Naturalization of competence and the neoliberal subject: Success stories of English language learning in the Korean conservative press. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20. 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01046.x.Search in Google Scholar
Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2021. Figures of personhood: Time, space, and affect as heuristics for metapragmatic analysis. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 272. 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0096.Search in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2002. English and the discourses of colonialism. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert & Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. 2013. Linguistic imperialism and endangered languages. In Tej K. Bhatia & William C. Ritchie (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism, 495–516. Malden, MA & Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem. 2016. Local-global tension in the ideological construction of English language education policy in Nepal. In Robert Kirkpatrick (ed.), English language education policy in Asia, 199–218. New York: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem. 2021. Epistemicide, deficit language ideology, and (de)coloniality in language education policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 267–268. 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0104.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem. 2023. Producing the disciplined English-speaking subjects: Language policing, development ideology, and English medium of instruction policy. Language in Society. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404523000052.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem & Bal Krishna Sharma. 2021. Regimes of linguistic entrepreneurship: Neoliberalism, the entanglement of language ideologies and affective regime in language education policy. Multilingua 40(2). 199–224.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem & Thuy Thi Ngoc Bui. 2014. Youth engaging language policy and planning: Ideologies and transformations from within. Language Policy 13(2). 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9303-x.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem & Laxmi Prasad Ojha. 2019. Language education policy and inequalities of multilingualism in Nepal: Ideologies, histories, and updates. In Andy Kirkpatrick & Anthony J. Liddicoat (eds.), The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia, 341–354. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem & Pramod K. Sah. 2022. Epistemic injustice and neoliberal imaginations in English as a medium of instruction (EMI) policy. Applied Linguistics Review. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2022-0070.Search in Google Scholar
Phyak, Prem & Bal Krishna Sharma. 2020. Functional variations in English: Theoretical considerations and practical challenges. In Ram Ashish Giri, Anamika Sharma & James D’Angelo (eds.), Functionality of English in language education policies and practices in Nepal, 321–335. Cham: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2016. Linguistic diversity and social justice: An introduction to applied sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Pradhan, Uma. 2020. Simultaneous identities: Language, education, and the Nepali nation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas (ed.). 2015. Language policy and political economy: English in a global context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Sah, Pramod K. 2021. Reproduction of nationalist and neoliberal ideologies in Nepal’s language and literacy policies. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 42(2). 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1751063.Search in Google Scholar
Sharma, Bal Krishna & Prem Phyak. 2017. Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethnolinguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society 46(2). 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000045.Search in Google Scholar
Shin, Hyunjung. 2016. Language ‘skills’ and the neoliberal English education industry. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(5). 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1071828.Search in Google Scholar
Simpson, John. 2017. English language and medium of instruction in basic education in low-and middle-income countries: A British Council perspective. London: British Council.Search in Google Scholar
Skinner, Debra & Dorothy Holland. 1996. Schools and the cultural production of the educated person in a Nepalese hill community. In Bradley A. Levinson, Douglas E. Foley & Dorothy C. Holland (eds.), The cultural production of the educated person: Critical ethnographies of schooling and local practice, 273–299. Albany: State University of New York Press.Search in Google Scholar
Sunyol, Andrea. 2021. “A breathtaking English”: Negotiating what counts as distinctive linguistic capital at an elite international school near Barcelona. In John E. Petrovic & Bedrettin Yazan (eds.), The commodification of language, 89–107. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Thebe Limbu, Sangita. 2021. The making of the “English-speaking Nepali citizens”: Intersectionality of class, caste, ethnicity and gender in private schools. Studies in Nepali History and Society 26(1). 65–96.Search in Google Scholar
Tollefson, James W. (ed.). 2013. Language policies in education: Critical issues, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Tupas, Ruanni. 2015. Inequalities of multilingualism: Challenges to mother tongue-based multilingual education. Language and Education 29(2). 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2014.977295.Search in Google Scholar
Urrieta, Luis. 2007. Figured worlds and education: An introduction to the special issue. The Urban Review 39(2). 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-007-0051-0.Search in Google Scholar
Weinberg, Miranda. 2013. Revisiting history in language policy: The case of medium of instruction in Nepal. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 28(1). 61–80.Search in Google Scholar
Wright, Sue. 2012. Language policy, the nation and nationalism. In Bernard Spolsky (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of language policy, 59–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Being/becoming better people: personality, morality and language education
- English and ‘personality development’: the hyper-individualization and de-politicization of social mobility in India
- Personality as technology of self: MBTI and English language learning in South Korea
- Becoming/being a care worker: personality in a language training for migrant job seekers in Flanders
- Caring and loving teachers online: personality in the feminized labour of Filipina English Language teachers
- “Looking like a boarding school student”: the construction of unequal personhood in language policy in education
- Discursive formation of personalities: life trajectories of a transnational doctoral student between the UK and China
- The “pedagogy of personality”: becoming better people in the English language teaching and learning space
- Varia
- Collaborative autoethnography in applied linguistics: reflecting on research practice
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Being/becoming better people: personality, morality and language education
- English and ‘personality development’: the hyper-individualization and de-politicization of social mobility in India
- Personality as technology of self: MBTI and English language learning in South Korea
- Becoming/being a care worker: personality in a language training for migrant job seekers in Flanders
- Caring and loving teachers online: personality in the feminized labour of Filipina English Language teachers
- “Looking like a boarding school student”: the construction of unequal personhood in language policy in education
- Discursive formation of personalities: life trajectories of a transnational doctoral student between the UK and China
- The “pedagogy of personality”: becoming better people in the English language teaching and learning space
- Varia
- Collaborative autoethnography in applied linguistics: reflecting on research practice