Home Prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents

  • Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi , Mojgan Mirghafourvand , Nikta Tavananezhad EMAIL logo and Mahsa Karkhaneh
Published/Copyright: December 3, 2014

Abstract

Introduction: Widespread tobacco use, along with its induced diseases and subsequent deaths, comprise one of the biggest threats to public health in the world. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents.

Materials and methods: A total of 1524 adolescent students aged 14–18 years (764 boys and 760 girls) were randomly selected. The participants attended governmental, semi-governmental, and non-governmental schools in the city of Sanandaj, Iran in 2013. Data were collected using the “Sherer General Self-efficacy” and demographic questionnaire. Multivariate Logistic binary regresion analysis was conducted to determine the predictors.

Results: The prevalence rates of cigarette and water pipe smoking were 9.5% and 10.4%, respectively. About 3.7% of the adolescents used both cigarette and water pipe and 16% used at least one of these. Compared with girls, prevalence of both cigarette (13.1% vs. 6.4%) and water pipe (13.7% vs. 7.1%) smoking was higher among the boys. Male sex, father’s education of secondary school, and use of water pipe were identified as cigarette smoking risk factors, while technical and commercial educational fields and attending non-governmental school were its protective factors. Risk factors of the use of water pipe were currently working, higher age and cigarette smoking, father’s education of high school, father’s occupation of employee and mother’s education of a diploma degree, while higher self-efficacy and attending non-governmental school were its protective factors.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking in adolescents continues to rise. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies on effective factors on the onset and continuation of tobacco use.


Corresponding author: Nikta Tavananezhad, MSc in Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

This research has been sponsored by the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (code: 91151). We greatly appreciate the support given by the Head Office of the Education Ministry of Sanandaj City, the personnel of the girls’ high schools, and all participants in this study.

References

1. World Health Organization. Tobacco; Key facts [updated July 2013; cited 2013 21 Jul]. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/.Search in Google Scholar

2. World Health Organization. Prevalence of tobacco use among adults and adolescents 2009 [updated 2012; cited 2013 21 Jul]. Available at: http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/tobacco/use/atlas.html.Search in Google Scholar

3. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011. Country profile: Iran (Islamic Republic of). 2011.Search in Google Scholar

4. World Health Organization. Tobacco [cited 2013 13 Jul]. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/tobacco/en/.Search in Google Scholar

5. World Health Organization. Asthma [cited 2013 20 July]. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/asthma/en/.Search in Google Scholar

6. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pruss-Ustun A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet 2011;377:139–46.10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8Search in Google Scholar

7. Statistical Center of Iran. Information technology 2011 [cited 2011 15 Sep]. Available at: http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1160.Search in Google Scholar

8. World Halth Organization. Adolescent health. [cited 2013 20 July]. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/.Search in Google Scholar

9. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing tobacco use among young people. A report of the Surgeon General (US Government Printing Office Publication No S/N 017-001-00491-0). Atlanta, GA, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, reprinted, 1994.Search in Google Scholar

10. Richardson ED. Adventure-based therapy and self-efficacy theory: test of a treatment model for late adolescents with depressive symptomatology [doctorate thesis]: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

11. Bandura A. Adolescent development from an agentic perspective. In: Pajares F, Urdan T, editors. Self-efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 2006;5:1–43.Search in Google Scholar

12. Diclemente CC, Fairhurst SK, Piotrowski NA. In: Maddux JE, editor. Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: theory, research, and application. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:109–41.Search in Google Scholar

13. Dubois EJ. Assessment of health-promoting factors in college students’lifestyles [doctorate thesis]: Auburn University, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

14. Geckil E, Yildiz S. Adolescent health behaviors and problems. Adolescence 2006;3:26–34.Search in Google Scholar

15. Barati BS. The simple and multiple relationships between self-effectiveness, self-discovery and self-esteem with academic performance of students in the third years of the new system in Ahvaz [MSc thesis]: Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

16. World Health Organization. BMI-for-age (5–19 years) 2007 [cited 2013 9 Apr]. Available at: http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/.Search in Google Scholar

17. Mohammadkhani Sh. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and illegal drugs use among Iranian adolescents. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2012;19:32–48.Search in Google Scholar

18. Momenan AA, Sarbandi Zaboli F, Etemadi A, Azizi F. Pattern of waterpipe (ghalyan) use among intermediate and high school students: a cross-sectional study in tehran, iran. Payesh 2007;6:135–44.Search in Google Scholar

19. Primack BA, Walsh M, Bryce C, Eissenberg T. Water-pipe tobacco smoking among middle and high school students in Arizona. Pediatrics 2009;123:e282–e8.10.1542/peds.2008-1663Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Baheiraei A, Mirghafourvand M, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E, Charandabi SMA. Prevalence of water pipe use and its correlates in iranian women of reproductive age in tehran: a population-based study. Med Princ Prac 2012;21:340–4.10.1159/000336583Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Eissenberg T, Ward KD, Smith-Simone S, Maziak W. Waterpipe tobacco smoking on a US College campus: prevalence and correlates. J Adolesc Health 2008;42:526–9.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.10.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Parna K, Usin J, Ringmets I. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia: HBSC survey results, 1994–2006. BMC Public Health 2008;8:392–8.10.1186/1471-2458-8-392Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. World Health Organization. Gender, health and tobbaco 2003 [cited 2013 25 July]. Available at: http://www.who.int/gender/documents/tobacco/gender_tobacco_leaflet/en/.Search in Google Scholar

24. Sarraf-Zadegan N, Boshtam M, Shahrokhi S, Naderi GA, Asgary S, et al. Tobacco use among Iranian men, women and adolescents. Eur J Pub Health 2004;14:76–8.10.1093/eurpub/14.1.76Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Masjedi M, Azaripour MH, Heydari GR, Alinejad TS, Velayati A. Smoking prevalence among universities students of Tehran. J Med Counc IR Iran 2003;20:283–7.Search in Google Scholar

26. Margaretha Haglund. Women and tobacco: a fatal attraction 2010; 88:[563 p.]. Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/8/10-080747/en/.10.2471/BLT.10.080747Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Mohtasham Amiri Z, Sirous Bakht S, Nikravesh Rad SR. Cigarette smoking among male high school students in Rasht. Journal of The Gilan University of Medical Sciences 2004;17:100–7.Search in Google Scholar

28. Tamim H, Al-Sahab A, Akkary G, Ghanem M, Tamim N, et al. Cigarette and nargileh smoking practices among school students in Beirut, Lebanon. Am J Health Behav 2007;31:56–63.10.5993/AJHB.31.1.6Search in Google Scholar

29. Zareipour M, Sadeghi R, Sadeghi Tabatabaei S, Seyedi S. Effective factors on smoking based on basnef model in male students in tehran medical sciences university in 2009. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac 2011;9:23–9.Search in Google Scholar

30. Primack BA, Gold MA, Land SR, Fine MJ. Association of cigarette smoking and media literacy about smoking among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006;39:465–72.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Dewalt DA, Berkman ND, Sheridan S, Lohr KN, Pignone MP. Literacy and health outcomes. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19: 1228–39.10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Mohtasham Amiri Z, Arshadi N, Montaser Koohsari M. Cigarette smoking among medical students in guilan university of medical sciences. Payesh 2006;5:1–5.Search in Google Scholar

33. Dar-Odeh NS, Bakri FG, Al-Omiri MK, Al-Mashni HM, Eimar HA, et al. Research Narghile (water pipe) smoking among university students in Jordan: prevalence, pattern and beliefs. Harm Reduct J 2010;7:2–6.10.1186/1477-7517-7-10Search in Google Scholar

34. Islam SM, Johnson CA. Influence of known psychosocial smoking risk factors on Egyptian adolescents’ cigarette smoking behavior. Health Promot Int 2005;20:135–45.10.1093/heapro/dah604Search in Google Scholar

35. Gulliver SB, Hughes JR, Solomon LJ, Dey AN. An investigation of self-efficacy, partner support and daily stresses as predictors of relapse to smoking in self-quitters. Addiction 1995;90:767–72.10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb02224.xSearch in Google Scholar

36. Mohan S, Sankara Sarma P, Thankappan K. Access to pocket money and low educational performance predict tobacco use among adolescent boys in Kerala, India. Prev Med 2005;41:685–92.10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.01.013Search in Google Scholar

37. Harrell JS, Bangdiwala SI, Deng S, Webb JP, Bradley C. Smoking initiation in youth: the roles of gender, race, socioeconomics, and developmental status. J Adolesc Health 1998;23:271–9.10.1016/S1054-139X(98)00078-0Search in Google Scholar

38. Siahpush M, McNeill A, Borland R, Fong G. Socioeconomic variations in nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and intention to quit across four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15(Suppl 3):iii71–iii5.10.1136/tc.2004.008763Search in Google Scholar

39. Callaghan D. Healthy behaviors, self-efficacy, self-care, and basic conditioning factors in older adults. J Community Health Nurs 2005;22:169–78.10.1207/s15327655jchn2203_4Search in Google Scholar

40. Motlagh Z, Mazloomy-Mahmoodabad S, Momayyezi M. Study of health-promotion behaviors among university of medical science students. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2011;13:29–34.Search in Google Scholar

41. El-Roueiheb Z, Tamim H, Kanj M, Jabbour S, Alayan I, et al. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Lebanese adolescents, a cross-sectional study, 2003–2004. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:309–14.10.1080/14622200701825775Search in Google Scholar

42. Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen S, Jamjoum L. Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control 2003;12:e4.10.1136/tc.12.4.e4Search in Google Scholar

43. Maxwell CJ, Hirdes JP. The prevalence of smoking and implications for quality of life among the community-based elderly. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:338–45.10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30685-8Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-7-20
Accepted: 2014-10-17
Published Online: 2014-12-3
Published in Print: 2015-8-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Sleeping while driving
  4. Review
  5. The contribution of fat-free mass to resting energy expenditure: implications for weight loss strategies in the treatment of adolescent obesity
  6. Original Articles
  7. Gender comparisons of adolescents’ anthropometry and blood pressure in Osun State, South-Western Nigeria
  8. Perceived social support and parental education as determinants of adolescents’ physical activity and eating behaviour: a cross-sectional survey
  9. Educational intervention for parents of adolescents with chronic illness: a pre-post test pilot study
  10. Clinic attendance and health outcomes of youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  11. Congruence in reported frequency of parent-adolescent sexual health communication: A study from Mexico
  12. Knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among students of a technical institution
  13. Prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents
  14. Socio-demographic and dietary factors associated with obesity among female university students in Jordan
  15. Difference in mental state between Internet-addicted and non-addicted Japanese undergraduates
  16. Dental aesthetics perception and eating behavior in adolescence
  17. Multiple sexual partnerships among female adolescents in rural Uganda: the effects of family structure and school attendance
  18. Substance use avoidance among Iranian male adolescents: a comparison of three versions of the theory of reasoned action
  19. Nutrition intake and physical activity in a middle school in New York City
  20. Sleep in university students across years of university education and gender influences
  21. Case Reports
  22. Delayed diagnosis of trichobezoar in a patient with presumed anorexia nervosa
  23. Atrial fibrillation in a healthy adolescent after heavy smoking of contraband cigarettes
  24. Short Communication
  25. Tobacco use among adolescents in Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Downloaded on 27.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0028/html
Scroll to top button