Home Application of Central Composite Design to Optimize Culture Conditions of Chlorella vulgaris in a Batch Photobioreactor: An Efficient Modeling Approach
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Application of Central Composite Design to Optimize Culture Conditions of Chlorella vulgaris in a Batch Photobioreactor: An Efficient Modeling Approach

  • M.A. Kazeem , S. M. Z. Hossain , M. M. Hossain and S. A. Razzak EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 17, 2018
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Microalgae cultivation and their use is a promising approach for integrated CO2 biofixation, wastewater treatment and renewable energy production. To develop such an important technology, there is a need to optimize the culture conditions, maximizing CO2 consumption, degrading the nutrients present in the wastewater and maximise the microalgae biomass production. Central Composite Design (CCD) approach was applied to develop quadratic regression models. The developed models were employed separately to estimate optimal sets of three important input parameters (CO2 concentration, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio and culture temperature) for maximizing specific growth rate, biomass productivity and CO2 biofixation rate. The maximum specific growth rate of 1.93 ± 0.19 d-1 was observed at an optimal set of 34oC, 4:1 nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio, and 6 % CO2 concentration. The maximum biomass productivity of 86.5 ± 20.0 mgL-1d-1 was obtained at 4.8 % CO2, 8:1 nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio and 28oC. In addition, the maximum CO2 biofixation rate was calculated to be 251.9 ± 13.5 mgL-1d-1 at optimal values of 4 % CO2, 1:1 nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio and 25oC. Finally, multi-objective optimization method was employed to predict the maximum CO2 biofixation rate and biomass productivity concurrently. The optimum values of CO2 biofixation rate (182.84 ± 8.42 mgL-1d-1) and biomass productivity (78.5 ± 10.0 mgL-1d-1) were obtained from operating conditions at 4 % CO2, 6:1 nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio, 25oC culture temperature. These predicted data were in strong agreement with the experimental values.

Funding statement: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Funder Id: 10.13039/501100004919, Grant Number: NSTIP # 13-WAT96-04

Acknowledgements

The author would like to gratefully acknowledge the support provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) through the Science   Technology Unit at King Fahd University of Petroleum   Minerals (KFUPM) for funding this work through project No. NSTIP # 13-WAT96-04 as part of the National Science, Technology, and Innovation Plan.

References

[1] Razzak S, Ali S, Hossain M, De Lasa H. Biological CO2 Fixation with Production of Microalgae in Wastewater-A Review. Renew Sust Energy Rev. 2017;76:379–90.10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.038Search in Google Scholar

[2] Razzak S, Hossain M, Lucky R, Bassi A, De Lasa H. Integrated CO2 capture, wastewater treatment and biofuel production by microalgae culturing - A review. Renew Sust Energy Rev. 2013;27:622–53.10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.063Search in Google Scholar

[3] Zimmerman R, Faris C. Climate change mitigation and adaptation in North American cities. Env Sustain. 2011;3:181–87.10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.004Search in Google Scholar

[4] Kasiri S, Abdulsalam S, Ulrich A, Prasad V. Optimization of CO2 fixation by Chlorella kessleri using response surface methodology. Chem Eng Sc. 2015;127:31–39.10.1016/j.ces.2015.01.008Search in Google Scholar

[5] Pires JCM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Simes M. Carbon dioxide capture from flue gases using microalgae: engineering aspects and biorefinery concept. Renew Sust Energy. 2012;Rev.16(5):3043–53.10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.055Search in Google Scholar

[6] Cheng J, Huang Y, Feng J, Sun J, Zhou J, Cen K. Improving CO2 fixation efficiency by optimizing Chlorella PY-ZU1 culture conditions in sequential bioreactors. Biores Tech. 2013;144:321–27.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.122Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Mata TM, Melo AC, Meireles S, Mendes AM, Martins AA, Caetano NS. Potential of microalgae scenedesmus obliquus grown in brewery wastewater for biodiesel production. Chem Eng Trans. 2013;32:901–06.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Ho SH, Chen CY, Chang JS. Effect of light intensity and nitrogen starvation on CO2 fixation and lipid/carbohydrate production of an indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Biores Tech. 2012;113:244–52.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.133Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Chang H-X, Huang Y, Fu Q, Liao Q, Zhu X. Kinetic characteristics and modeling of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth and CO2 biofixation considering the coupled effects of light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon. Biores Tech. 2016;206:231–38.10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.087Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Da Silva M, Casazza A, Ferrari P, Perego P, Bezerra R, Converti A, et al. A new bioenergetic and thermodynamic approach to batch photoautotrophic growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis in different photobioreactors and under different light conditions. Biores Tech. 2016;207:220–28.10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.128Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Purba E, Taharuddin. CO2 reduction and production of algal oil using microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis chuii. Chem Eng Trans. 2010;21:397–402.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Chinnasamy S, Ramakrishnan B, Bhatnagar A, Das KC. Biomass production potential of a wastewater alga chlorella vulgaris ARC 1 under elevated levels of CO2 and temperature. Int J Mol Sc. 2009;10(2):518–32.10.3390/ijms10020518Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Jin H-F, Lim B-R, Lee K. Influence of nitrate feeding on carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances Env Eng. 2006;41(12):2813–24.10.1080/10934520600967928Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Yeh KL, Chang JS. Effects of cultivation conditions and media composition on cell growth and lipid productivity of indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP–31. Biores Tech. 2012;105:120–27.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.103Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Ghosh S, Roy S, Das D. Improvement of Biomass Production by Chlorella sp. MJ 11/11 for Use as a Feedstock for Biodiesel. App Biochem Biotech. 2015;175(7):3322–35.10.1007/s12010-015-1503-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Skorupskaite V, Makareviciene V, Levisauskas D. Optimization of mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Chlorella sp. for biofuel production using response surface methodology. Algal Res. 2015;7:45–50.10.1016/j.algal.2014.12.001Search in Google Scholar

[17] Radmann EM, Reinehr CO, Costa JAV. Optimization of the repeated batch cultivation of microalga Spirulina platensis in open raceway ponds. Aquacult. 2007;265:118–26.10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.001Search in Google Scholar

[18] Zheng Y, Chen ZA, Lu HB, Zhang W. Optimization of carbon dioxide fixation and starch accumulation by Tetraselmis subcordiformis in a rectangular airlift photobioreactor. Afr J Biotech. 2011;10(10):1888–901.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Andersen R. Algal Culturing Techniques. In: Lwoff A, Vischer W, Bold HC, Provasoli L, Starr RC, Tamiya H, editor(s). Phycological Society of America (53). Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg: Elsevier Academic Press, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Feng P, Deng Z, Fan L, Hu Z. Lipid accumulation and growth characteristics of Chlorella zofingiensis under different nitrate and phosphate concentrations. J Biosc Bioeng. 2012;114(4):405–10.10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.05.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Jacob-Lopes E, Scoparo CHG, Lacerda LMCF, Franco TT. Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors. Chemical Engineering and Processing. Process Intens. 2009;48(1):306–10.10.1016/j.cep.2008.04.007Search in Google Scholar

[22] Aslan N, Cebeci Y. Application of Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology for modeling of some Turkish coals. Fuel. 2007;86(2):90–97.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.06.010Search in Google Scholar

[23] Toutenburg H, Shalabh. Statistical Analysis of Designed Experiments. 3rd. Casella G, Fienberg S, Olkin I, editor. Kanpur India: Springer US, 2009.10.1007/978-1-4419-1148-3Search in Google Scholar

[24] Ogunnaike B. Random phenomena: fundamentals of probability and statistics for Engineers. New York, USA: CRC Press; 2009.10.1201/b17197Search in Google Scholar

[25] Wang L (2006) Recommendations for Design Parameters for Central Composite Designs with Restricted Randomization, PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnique Institute, USA.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Mun R, Guieysse B. Algal–bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants : A review. Water Res. 2006;40:2799–815.10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[27] Razzak S, Ali S, Ilyas M, Hossain M, Moutanda A. Biological CO2 fixation using Chlorella vulgaris and its co-pyrolysis characteristics through thermogravimetric analysis. Bioproc Biosys Eng. 2016;39:1651–58.10.1007/s00449-016-1640-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Razzak S, Ilyas M, Ali S, Hossain M. Effects of CO2 Concentration and pH on Mixotrophic Growth of Nannochloropsis oculata. App Biochem Biotech. 2015;176:1290–320.10.1007/s12010-015-1646-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Xia J, Gao K. Impacts of Elevated CO2 Concentration on Biochemical Composition, Carbonic, and Nitrate Reductase Activity of Freshwater Green Algae. J Integr Plant Biol. 2005;47(6):668–75.10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00114.xSearch in Google Scholar

[30] Chen M, Tang H, Ma H, Holland T, Ng S, Salley S. Effect of nutrients on growth and lipid accumulation in the green algae Dunaliella Tertiolecta. Biores Technol. 2011;102(2):1649–55.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.062Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Converti A, Casazza A, Ortiz E, Perego P, Borghi M. Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production. Chem Eng Proces Process Intens. 2009;48:1146–51.10.1016/j.cep.2009.03.006Search in Google Scholar

[32] Tredici M. Photobiology of microalgae mass cultures : understanding the tools for the next green revolution. Biofuels. 2016;1(1):1–6.10.4155/bfs.09.10Search in Google Scholar

[33] Li Y, Horsman M, Wu N, Dubois-Calero N. Biocatalysts and Bioreactor Design. Biotech Programme. 2008;24(1):815–20.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Almeida M, Erthal R, Padua E, Silveira L, Am L. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta. 2008;76:965–77.10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] James M, David H, Tolbert E. Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors on Inorganic Carbon Accumulation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Phys. 1985;79:177–83.10.1104/pp.79.1.177Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Moroney JV, Somanchi A. How Do Algae Concentrate CO2 to Increase the Efficiency of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation?. Plant Phys. 1999;119:9–16.10.1104/pp.119.1.9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Liang Y, Sarkany AN, Cui Y. Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions. Biotechnol Letters. 2009;31:1043–49.10.1007/s10529-009-9975-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[38] Kumar A, Ergas S, Yuan X, Sahu A, Zhang Q, Dewulf J, et al. Enhanced CO2 fixation and biofuel production via microalgae: recent developments and future directions. Trends Biotechnol. 2010;28(7):371–80.10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.04.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[39] Cho DH, Ramanan R, Heo J, Lee J, Kim BH, Oh HM, et al. Enhancing microalgal biomass productivity by engineering a microalgal-bacterial community. Biores Technol. 2015;175:578–85.10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.159Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2017-12-14
Revised: 2018-04-04
Accepted: 2018-04-05
Published Online: 2018-04-17

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 30.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cppm-2017-0082/html
Scroll to top button