2. ‘The heavens have already burned’: Reflections on radicalism

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Table of Contents V
3. 1. Introduction: Biographies of radicalization–hidden messages of social change 1
4. 2. ‘The heavens have already burned’: Reflections on radicalism 15
5. 3. Pathways to home-grown jihadism in the Netherlands: The Hofstadgroup, 2002–2005 25
6. 4. How Muhammad al-Wali developed a radical definition of the unbeliever 39
7. 5. The jihad of Sheikh Ahmet Ismael Bichara in Kouno: An example of an outbreak of extremism based on religion 51
8. 6. Ruben Um Nyobe: Camerounian maquis, radical, and liberator, ca 1948–1958 65
9. 7. ‘It’s the way we are moulded’ 85
10. 8. Radicalization processes and trajectories in western Chad 103
11. 9. Radicalization in northern Nigeria: Stories from Boko Haram 114
12. 10. A rebel youth? Social media, charismatic leadership, and ‘radicalized’ youth in the 2015 Biafra protests 134
13. 11. Hamadoun Koufa: Spearhead of radicalism in central Mali 152
14. 12. Central Mali: Toward a Fulani question? 174
15. 13. Central African refugee Mbororo nomads in Cameroon: Cultural hostages? 194
16. 14. Islam and radicalization in Senegal: A response in female preaching 216
17. 15. Legacies of political resistance in Congo-Brazzaville 230
18. 16. ‘Give the Youth a Voice’: A reflection on the Rencontres V4T@Dakar, 15–18 November 2017 244
19. List of Authors 256
20. List of Abbreviations VII
21. Acknowledgements IX