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Analecta Gorgiana
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Volume 4 in this series
Some forty extracts from Armenian chroniclers about the Mongols,, from Kirakos of Gandzak to Vardan Areveltsi, who was Armenian representative in the Mongol court
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Volume 3 in this series
Some forty extracts from Armenian chroniclers about the Mongols,, from Kirakos of Gandzak to Vardan Areveltsi, who was Armenian representative in the Mongol court
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Volume 2 in this series
Some forty extracts from Armenian chroniclers about the Mongols,, from Kirakos of Gandzak to Vardan Areveltsi, who was Armenian representative in the Mongol court
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Volume 1 in this series
Some forty extracts from Armenian chroniclers about the Mongols,, from Kirakos of Gandzak to Vardan Areveltsi, who was Armenian representative in the Mongol court
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This article presents, in provisional form, a recently discovered and excavated Nabataean sanctuary devoted to the cult of the sun-god in Madâ’in Sâlih, ancient Hegra.
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This short volume, originally printed at the Dominican Press in Mosul, is an Arabic collection of 173 canons and served as a convenient guide for Catholic priests in Mosul and the surrounding areas.
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Clemens Joseph David (1829-1890) here studies the practices and laws of engagement and marriage among Syriac Catholics with an eye to Roman Canon Law on these aspects.
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This article provides some new information about the role of snakes in relation to Nabataean religion, presenting a small group of unknown snake monuments from Petra.
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This article examines Ancient North Arabian inscriptions and their various epigraphic types found in the region of Taymā'.
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This volume contains the Syriac text of Barhebraeus’ critical and doctrinal commentary on the Gospel of Matthew from his work known as the Storehouse of Mysteries.
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Here Syrian Orthodox Patriarch and scholar Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum (1887-1957) presents an annotated edition, with introduction, of one of the Arabic treatises on the soul by Barhebraeus.
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This paper explores the Israeli Haredi community’s social construction of the male body.
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Genghis Khan's law code, the Yasa, survives in fragments. This article lists the known provisions, from Berhebraeus, Juwaini, and Arab sources; Vernadsky considers it a supplement to Mongol custom for the multinational Empire.
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Commercial sources on journeying to the east after Marco Polo; the gradual closing of trade between Italy and China or India under the hostile or defensive rulers of the lands in between.
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An description and comparison of two personages in Mongol history, Yelü Chutsai and Mahmud or Aziz Yalavach, who were able to influence Mongol history from behind the scenes.
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Rabban Sauma, a Syriac monk, travelled to Europe in 1287 as a diplomatic representative of the Mongols; this is his own account of his travels, the first translation into English.
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This article examines a letter composed by an Ugaritian administrator stationed in Cyprus.
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A collection of Syriac medical remedies, from a manuscript dated 1888; the origin is uncertain; the inscription mentions Galen.
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A handy grammar of the Aramaic of the Targum, the Talmud, the Midrashim and the Aramaic passages of the New Testament, with notes on where the older dialect of Ezra and Daniel differs.
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The letter that claims to be addressed by Dionysius the Areopagite to Timothy upon the martyrdom of Peter and Paul is not included among the epistles. It was composed originally in Greek, but it is exhibited in Arabic.
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This work contains illustrations of the thirteenth century Byzantine New Testament at the Rockefeller-McCormack collection in Chicago with a full description of its text, provenance, and the artistic and theological significance of the miniatures.
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This volume, with a short preface, contains the Mass for the Syro-Chaldean Malabar Church in fully vocalized east Syriac script with a parallel Latin translation.
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An extract from Collectanea Christiana Orientalia (2008)
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An extract from Collectanea Christiana Orientalia (2008)
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An extract from Collectanea Christiana Orientalia (2005)
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Athas challenges the past assumptions by Book of Daniel scholars, especially with regard to the symbolism in Chapter 9. This exegesis provides a theory for chronological interpretation that includes dates for calculating the seventy weeks mentioned in Daniel's vision.
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This work contains a full description of the Nestorian Stone in English.
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This article presents the ascription of physical disability as a strategy to communicate disapproval of icons in various passages of the Hebrew Bible. Idols are characterized as unable to interact with worshipers and unable to function independently.
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This paper examines the “muscular Christianity” phenomenon in Mel Gibson’s 2004 film The Passion of the Christ and Ernest Hemingway’s 1926 short play, “Today is Friday.”
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Text-critical notes on Dyserinck's edition and Dutch translation of the Hebrew text of Sirach.
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In this article, George Melville Bolling examines the disagreements among the manuscripts of Homer's Iliad and the papyri. Through a comparison of these he shows that lines have not disappeared, but have rather been added to the manuscript tradition.
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This volume in Arabic, originally printed at the Dominican Press in Mosul, contains chapters on the origin of Rosary devotion, its benefits, some questions and answers on the Rosary, and the way to recite the Rosary.
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This manual, in Arabic and originally published at the Dominican Press in Mosul, contains the complete cycle of praying the Rosary, together with a guide for hearing the Mass.
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This study investigates how the Rabbis handled the Book of Chronicles, highlighting issues including intermarriage. While genealogical lists contain intermarriage in Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah is generally opposed. Ezra did compose some of the lists and intermarriage was acceptable only under certain conditions.
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This work retells the life of the Bishop Marutha of Maipherkat, or Martyropolis, as translated from the Armenian text.
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This paper provides an Arabic text and English introduction on the holy works and literature of the Yezidi faith.
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These are two unique Syriac texts from the same manuscript.
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This work is a survey of the text and research on the famous so-called Nestorian monument (or stele) from China, including a review of previous scholarship, as well a fresh translation and commentary.
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This volume contains long excerpts of the 12th/13th cent. Church of the East author Shem‘on Shanqlawaya’s Chronicon, here given in Syriac and in German translation.
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Three interpretative trends address the vision at the ratification of the Sinai covenant in Exod. 24:10. Traditions relate whether God or a throne was seen, as well as the consequences for this vision for the leaders and history of the Israelites.
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Kugener here gives an edition of the Syriac text, along with a thoroughly annotated French translation, of this unique astronomical and meteorological treatise attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite and later used in the 13th cent. by Jacob bar Shakko.
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Baethgen describes a Syriac text purporting to be a translation of a commentary on the psalms by Theodore of Mopsuestia, showing that it cannot be a simple translation of Theodore's commentary but does contain much material derived from him.
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A controversial essay on one of the treasures of Armenian art, arguing that its illuminations were original and Armenian; with 38 plates.
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This catalogue lists 153 manuscripts from the Chaldean monastery Notre-Dame-des Semences, located near Alqosh, Iraq.
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This work is a description and analysis of a unique Old Testament codex in Georgian containing the first eight books of the Bible, the Prophets, and marginal commentary on both.
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In this essay, Lamy discusses the Chronography of east Syriac author Elias of Nisibis (975-1046). Numerous extracts in Syriac and in French translation are included.
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This work presents a detailed first-hand account of shamanic songs, rituals, and healing and initiatory ceremonies from all over Siberia, arranged by tribe.
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This grammatical study focuses on how the relative particle is used in the Demonstrations of fourth century Syriac author Aphrahat. A great number of examples from Aphrahat’s writings are included in both Syriac and in German translation.
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This volume contains Chabot’s notice of a fragment published by Mingana from Barhadbeshabba dealing with Narsai and the School of Nisibis. Chabot offers a French translation of the text and a summary questioning its historical value.
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This investigation of Abu-al-Faraj Ibn al-Jawzi’s al-Wafa bi Fada'il al-Mustafa, according to the Leiden manuscript by one of Germany’s foremost Semiticists, is essential reading for anyone interested in Arabic history and literature. Ibn al-Jawzi was a twelfth-century jurist and perhaps the most prolific writer in the history of Arabic literature. Al-Wafa bi Fada'il al-Mustafa (Detailed Accounts of the Chosen Prophet), is a large work on the biography of the prophet Muhammad. In this manuscript study, Brockelmann analyzes several aspects of this composition, including citations of this work by other notable Islamic writers.
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Takahashi and Weitenberg provide the history and linguistic analysis of Ms. Yale Syriac 9. Only three such Syriac-Armenian lexica are known to survive. The glossary is classified as the Western branch of Modern Armenian, attributed to Dialect Group 5.
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This paper, reprinted from the Journal Asiatique, provides a handy introduction to the Sogdian alphabet used for Buddhist texts in Central Asia.
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Thomson surveyed Syriac literary influence on Armenian Christianity from the time of early missionary activity to the middle ages. Evidence suggests that Armenian Christians are greatly indebted to Syriac contributions on sainthood and theology, but less so for historical writing.
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This paper examines the construction of masculinity among male members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and its underlying historical factors.
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This article by M.B. Ogle is a demonstration of how the theory that the stag-messenger episode of Medieval literature is Celtic in origin has erred, and proposes it was of oriental provenance.
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This work consists of five leaves of the old Syriac version of the Bible, in the Palestinian dialect. Included are images of some of the leaves, Syriac text, English translation, notes, and a essay on the underlying Greek text.
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This work consists of the first architectural description of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, reporting the first full excavation of 1902.
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Arthur Vaschalde provides a brief survey and translation of a manuscript containing historical details about the Monastery of Rabban Hormizd in Iraq.
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This much-cited essay contains the third century Christian leader Cyprian's letter to his friend Donatus written shortly after his conversion.
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Syriac and Armenian Christians interacted regionally and theologically. This paper investigates whether it is thus a viable proposition to deduce Syriac readings from Armenian biblical translations. Cox concludes on a case-basis because extensive use of a similar source text remains questionable.
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Christian analyzes priestly social dynamics in-depth as they develop through tribal history and specialization of tasks. He focuses on middle-tier Levites as their skills and specialized knowledge place them in upper classes but their work relegates them as intermediaries.
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This paper explores the common misconception that vernacular translations of the Bible were not available prior to Luther. In fact, Luther may have relied on these to accomplish his own work toward what became a more preferable translation.
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Renz discusses the acrostic poetic form of Nahum 1. The alphabetic sequence is interrupted by YHWH’s actions, conveying that this poem is a communication about divine order and chaos. This sets the tone for the flood motif in Nahum 2.
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This study of the mid-6th century Chronicle of Edessa explores its sources, date of composition, and doctrinal stance.
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In this early reading book for Aramaic (that is, not Syriac), J.J. Marcel provides a few texts from the Bible together with an Aramaic-Latin glossary.
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This work is a detailed study of Manichaeism from findings of a 1903 study in East Turkestan.
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The author responds to criticism against his prior publications, when his conclusions were based foremost on the relevant archaeological findings. It is a debate between methodologies used by archaeology and the assumptions of textual analysis within biblical scholarship.
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In this lengthy essay on the subject of Syriac meter, Martin begins by reviewing the previous scholarship on the subject and then edits the section on meter from Jacob bar Shakko’s Book of Dialogues, with annotated French translation.
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This volume includes a critical edition, with notes, of part of the Scholia-Commentary of Church of the East author Theodore bar Koni (fl. end of the 8th cent.), namely the part on the patriarchal narratives in Genesis.
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Guidi, in this long article, presents an edition and thoroughly annotated Italian translation of the Syriac “Letter on the Himyarite Martyrs,” which deals with the persecution of Christians in Nagran, from author and bishop, Simeon of Beth Arsham.
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This article describes the historical development of Armenian translations of Syriac literature from the 5th century, Intervening- and Clinician Periods. Significant works and figures are highlighted.
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This study is set as a theological look at Ephrem the Syrian. After a general introduction, the author systematically examines a number of theological topics based on Ephrem’s poetry. The Syriac passages cited are also translated.
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This collection of texts in the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia, with parallel German translation and vocabulary notes, includes stories, material on baptism, a wedding, Araq and wine, history of the region, and several letters or parts thereof.
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This work, the author’s dissertation, has for its subject a unique didactic Syriac poem (301 lines) on philosophy, particularly of the Aristotelian variety, and wisdom generally. After introducing the text, the author gives a critical edition with German translation.
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This brief but important work provides readers with a concise overview of the School of Nisibis, the east Syriac study center, including the famous teachers and students associated with it and its functional arrangement.
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The eminent Italian scholar of eastern Christianity Ignazio Guidi (1844-1935) here presents a critical edition of the Statutes of the School of Nisibis, prefaced by a historical and textual introduction.
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This slim volume contains the Syriac text with facing French translation (modestly annotated) of one of Ephrem’s hymns on the Nativity.
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Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du Patriarcat chaldéen de Mossoul
In the present work, Scher covers the Syriac (and some Arabic) manuscripts then located at the Chaldean Patriarchal Library in Mosul, which possessed a broad and rich collection. An index of authors and anonymous works concludes the catalog.
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The author provides the biography of Socianism founder Faustus Socinus. The article provides a partial translation of his posthumously compiled “Racovian Catechism” from the original Polish with the intention of revealing information about Socianism.
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The article reviews a set of texts on mental philosophy. It reviews the author’s assessments of various sources and the aspects of the mind. The reviewer takes issue with certain philosophers’ beliefs.
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This publication presents the transcription and translation of eight Syriac inscriptions from the Persian region of Salamas found in ancient cemeteries and church buildings. The inscriptions are accompanied by brief commentary and helpful introduction.
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Brock provides an indispensable bibliographic resource for Jacob of Serugh scholarship. This guide lists Jacob's mimre by biblical passage and liturgical events, uplifted saints and topics, other works including prose and letters, and recommended secondary sources for further study.
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This is a preliminary study of aspects of the spiritual development of Hindiyya ‘Ajaymi, a Syro-Lebanese religious woman who lived from 1727–98. Highlights include her mystical experiences as well as later compositions for her religious community.
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Proceedings from the British Archaeological Association contain music studies from 150 years ago. Lawson raises a historiographical concern for these early discussions, as many of the authors are forgotten.
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Hickmann describes a 17th century work by Guaman Poma chronicling the first period of the Conquista. Details from this book are comparable to archaeological finds of musical instruments that have since disappeared. The author provides illustrations of ancient Andean instruments.
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Syriac tradition remembers sixth century Byzantine emperor Justinian I as the harsh persecutor of the faithful, while his wife Theodora is revered as the “believing queen”, champion and protectress of the dissenting non-Chalcedonian church.
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Jacob of Serugh's “Mimro 95” details the significance of the Eucharist and spiritual benefit for participants. Harrak divides verses of this commentary in order to relate stages of liturgy within the Pre-Anaphoric and Anaphoric services of 6th century Syriac worship.
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Fourth-century Aphrahat is characterized as misogynist, especially when he compares women to Satan. This may be an unintended result of contemporary Christian literature. The the eschatological context of Aphrahat’s asceticism, salvific role of Mary, victimization in Aphrahat’s work, and positive statements about women negotiate this view.
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This paper contemplates the various means by which the Ancient Greeks preserved information about their musical history, highlighting oral/aural tradition and the transition to literacy when inscriptions could capture information in roughly datable contexts. Music history sources and motives are also examined.
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This paper contains an overview of Pre-Columbian music research between 1880 and 1920. Figures and the interdisciplinary direction of the research movement are discussed in detail. Many of these early studies remain ignored, which is a concern for music historiography.
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The pioneers who contributed towards the formative period of Scandinavian musicology (ca. 1915–1940) were highly interested in ancient music. Kolltveit describes approaches by pioneers Hammerich, Panum, Andersson, Norlind, Leden and Tveitt in their cultural, political, and academic contexts.
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Van Rompay discusses Jacob of Sarug’s understanding of sin by interweaving a conversation with 4th-century Ephrem’s influence and Jacob's late 5th-century contemporary thinker, Narsai. Critical to this discussion is their assumption of Adam’s created capacities.
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Lund describes the development of Scandinavian music history from 1797 with the first discovery of lurs in Denmark to the modern discipline as it is established in research during the 19th and 20th centuries. Systematic orientation came in the 1970s.
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Credited by Dinno as the epitome of Syriac spiritual heritage, Mor Jacob of Serugh interpreted the physical world with the hidden realities of God. A prominent theme in Mor Jacob's mimre is the economy of salvation.
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An elaborate historical treatise on the fall of Nineveh and the writings of the prophet Nahum, this work is divided into three chapters. The first contains a translation of Nahum’s oracle against Nineveh with both historical and Assyriological commentaries. The second chapter is a history and description of the city of Nineveh from earliest times to its downfall. A brief but interesting discussion of the origin and development of the Medes as a people closes the second chapter. The final chapter is an archaeological and scientific military description of ancient Assyrian fortifications and a treatise on their use in the warfare of the period.
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An early study of the Babylonian kudurru (boundary stone) inscriptions of what is now known as the Kassite Era, this booklet presents a self-contained exploration of two of the markers. Focusing on Kudurru Inscriptions III R. 43 and III R. 41, Belser gives transcriptions and translations of both texts. A detailed commentary follows the presentation of the actual texts, and this is accompanied by notes from the original drawings of the text. Carefully reproduced full text hand-drawn copies are also included.
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A detailed description of the manuscript of Greek apologetics compiled by the 10th century bishop and scholar, Arethas of Caesarea (in Cappadocia).
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This document details the nineteenth-century controversy over the distribution of Bibles to the laity. This translation by a Low Church baronet includes an introduction addressed to ‘all members of the Church of Christ’, the original document in Latin, and translations in Italian and English.
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This book examines which ornaments were actually in use in second year of King Edward VI, during the incessant changes of the English Reformation.
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This work contains inscriptions from the Ramesseum in Thebes and the tomb of Ptahhotep at Thebes, as well as the archaeological work of 1896 in Egypt.
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Argument by the Norris Professor of Divinity at Cambridge that the spelling of the Syriac version of the Gospels should not be taken as authority for the original Aramaic names.
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Textual analysis and source criticism of the printed texts of Augustine’s City of God.
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A vivid glimpse of the early years of one of the prestigious American Schools for Oriental Research, when a dozen students traveled the Middle East each winter. This report documents some of the troubles they faced.
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Notes on Erwin Preuschen’s edition of Origen’s Commentary on the Gospel according to John.
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The “Nestorian Monument” or “Nestorian Stele” is a fascinating attestation of the work of Syriac-speaking missionaries in sixth-century China. Commemorating the diffusion of Christianity in China from 635-781, the inscription was erected in the latter year as a public monument. The inscription in Chinese, supplemented with some Syriac, provides a brief outline of Christian doctrine and provides an account of how Christianity came to China. This book offers an English translation of the monument along with the original language text.
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As a scholar of the languages of early Christianity, including Ethiopic and Syriac, Johannes Flemming felt a debt to the learned scholar of the seventeenth century, Job Leutholf (also Hiob Ludolf). Still cited as one of the essential pieces of Leutholf’s biography, this article is required reading for those interested in the life of this remarkable scholar. After sketching an outline of Leutholf’s life, Flemming then moves on to focus on his Ethiopic studies. Flemming concludes his articles with the correspondence between Leutholf and the abbot Gregorius who initially taught him the Ethiopic language.
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In keeping with the general format of nineteenth-century Assyriological publications, this study provides an abundance of information on the texts under consideration. Here, the correspondence between the famous Babylonian king Hammurabi and the governor of Larsa, Sin-Idinnam, is examined in detail. Nagel also includes commentary, beginning with grammatical and syntactical issues. Next he turns to lexical issues, beginning with individual words, compound words, and ideograms. Friedrich Delitzsch also adds further remarks to Nagel’s adequate analysis of these historically significant texts.
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This essay on the history of how the Hebrew Bible was considered during the Reformation period takes the reader into areas largely unexplored. In addition to the Bible, the Kabala is brought into the discussion. Box traces the development up to the advent of the critical study of the Bible which continued to be controversial when his study was published.
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The life, sayings, and character of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadi movement, which were written during his lifetime in Urdu by a close follower are documented here.
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Approaching the question of Purim historically, Haupt notes that the book of Esther was composed during the reign of Judas Maccabeus, and he correlates the festival to the Babylonian New Year. He discusses the origin of the title “purim” from various languages, ultimately deciding on the Old Persian explanation. Moving forward, Haupt brings the festival into the more modern period, showing how the ancient tradition continues to exist. A useful resource for anyone interested in turn-of-the-century thought on the origins of an enigmatic biblical festival, this contribution is both readable to the layperson and scholarly as well.
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In this brief study, Jeremias examines the representations of life after death in the Babylonian and Assyrian sources. The descent of Ishtar, basic concepts of the grave, descriptions of the afterlife and the realm of the blessed are all examined. The possibility of return from death and the biblical outlook on the subject are also part of the exploration.
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This fragment of the Babylonian Etana legend was first published in this brief paper by Morris Jastrow. The fragment is presented here in transliteration and translation along with the able textual commentary of an acknowledged leader among philologists. Following the presentation of the text, Jastrow also offers an interpretation of the text, suggesting where within the Etana legend the fragment fits. Line drawings and photographs of this singular fragment accompany the text of the article. Also included in this volume is a brief piece by Friedrich Delitzsch on Neo-Babylonian contract tablets.
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A bibliography of over 200 works on Islam and its history, chiefly in German and English, with an index by subject classification.
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Leak provides a survey of Islam, and its relations to Christendom. His work involves the history, distribution, doctrines, and practice of Islam, and argues that the utter unlikeness of Allah is equivalent to agnosticism.
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The High Church position, as of the Diamond Jubilee: after much turbulence and political interference, can the Bishops, advised by liturgists, reach a Victorian Settlement of the ceremonies of the Church of England?
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This work is a reconstruction of Greek, Armenian, and Syriac versions of an early Christian text that explains to the Emperor why Christianity is the only philosophically adequate religion.
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The linen ornaments of the Anglican Cummunion, copiously considered, with plates and drawings.
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This study is of the concept of atheotes ("godless") in antiquity in relation to Christianity.
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This work reveals the uncovering of a forged letter about Jesus by the Berlin Professor of Theology with a consideration of the career and historical sense of the forger.
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The tradition of saying Grace before meals in the Greek church, its origns, and its relations to the liturgy of the Eucharist.
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Poems of advice to monks and nuns from one of the first monks to write, in the late fourth century.
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his work contains a discussion between Carl Heinrich Cornilland Bernhard Stade on the meaning of Jeremiah as "a prophet unto [the] nations" (1:5) in the context of the first chapter.
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A vivid glimpse of the early years of one of the prestigious American Schools for Oriental Research, when a dozen students traveled the Middle East each winter. This report documents some of the troubles they faced.
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The genuineness of the Slavonic text of Josephus; a massive compilation of evidence.
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This two-volume set provides a vivid glimpse of the early years of the prestigious American School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine and the nature of archaeology at the beginning of the twentieth century.
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A vivid glimpse of the early years of one of the prestigious American Schools for Oriental Research, when a dozen students traveled the Middle East each winter. This report documents some of the troubles they faced.
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This part of the proposed revision of the Book of Common Prayer in 1913 contains a Quire Service, a Dirge, a Commemoration Service, and a form of Holy Communion for use at funerals.
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Adolf Harnack reconstructs the Greek translation of Tertullian, largely from quotations by Eusebius
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History of the Gypsies in Asia and the Middle East
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This work is a German-language account of Abo of Tiflis, a Muslim convert to Georgian Christianity in the eighth century.
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This two-volume set provides a vivid glimpse of the early years of the prestigious American School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine and the nature of archaeology at the beginning of the twentieth century.
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Demonstration of the inauthenticity of the commentary on the Gospels ascribed to Theophilus of Antioch
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The relations of three pseudepigrapha of Cyprian and the Acts of Paul; an elegant piece of reasoning.
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A collection of fragments of the lost church historian Philip of Side, which cite otherwise, lost early Christian sources.
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This work highlights the legal position of Christian women under the Roman Empire collected from accounts of trials and martyrdom from Tertullian to Jerome and John Chrysostom.
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The name Copt is restricted to the sect which has formed the national Christian Church of Egypt. This article is an attempt to illustrate the main characteristics of the church Coptic as it is uttered in Egypt today.
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The author reviews a text which proposes a “Lesson System” to replace the current ineffective Sabbath school model. The new system fixes many of the old system’s errors and has been successfully implemented in a few places.
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The author is concerned with finding the dates of composition of the Buddhist doctrines the Sunyavada and the Vijnanavada. It was concluded that the Vijnanavada was arranged later than the Sunyavada.
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The article is a response to an unprinted letter concerning involuntary body movement during moments of religious frenzy. The editor relates personal experience from 1800 to 1803 and ultimately discourages this behavior.
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The article presents the life of the late Rezeau Brown, a young man with religious aspirations and a poor constitution. The memoir relates the details of his studies and his dedication to missionary work.
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The reviewer examines a biography of Protestant Reformer William Farel. The book describes Farel’s departure from Catholicism and contributions to the efforts of Swiss Reformation, Zuingle in particular. His trails and successes are described.
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An ancient and authoritative record of the Iranian religion, the Avesta, had recently been discovered. The author’s goal is to trace out the history of the introduction to modern knowledge of the writings of this text.
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The article reviews a commentary on the Sermon on the Mount. The reviewer examines the conclusions reached by the author as well as the method used to come to those conclusions. He approves of the author’s unique philosophical approach.
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A scathing polemic against Roman Catholicism, the author uses logical and textual evidence to contradict Catholic rituals and beliefs.
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The author outlines religious practices and history of Protestant Churches in Holland. Most attention is paid to the Reformed Church of Holland, but other Churches are discussed. The influence of politics and important figureheads is described.
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The article reviews and critiques an essay that attacks Presbyterian ordination. The reviewer points to logical and textual flaws in the argument, indicating the author’s incompetence.
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The article criticizes the Presbyterian Church’s recent Act and Testimony. The author claims it is excessive, leaving no room for interpretation, and is dangerously schismatic. It would divide the Church for no reason.
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The author provides the biography of Cornelius Jansenius and describes his commentary, Augustinus, to explain Jansenius’s position on Grace in relation to Catholic doctrine. He concludes this history convicts the Catholic Church.
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This article introduces and reprints a letter relating the extraordinary conversion of a large number of sinners in Cambuslang, Scotland. Following are a series of attestations to the truth of the account by various Scottish ministers.
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Pali and New Persian are without influence on one another, yet they show a striking similarity in their development. All coincidences between the two languages are due to the operation of the laws of development which govern the Indo-Iranian languages.
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Blood, among the Jews, possibly because it was held to be symbolic of the soul, was an object of sacred awe. The ancient practice of covenanting by means of blood is widely-practiced as a result of ethnic superstitions.
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The article is a letter concerning the treatment of Dissenters in England. The writer objects to the nationalized Episcopacy for various injustices upon Dissenters. He asks for separation of church and state.
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Professor Lepsius’ goal in this article is to analyze the comments made in the article William Whitney wrote on his “Standard Alphabet” in 1861.
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The Western Han dynasty was one of the most successful period in Chinese history. They drastically transformed the government from the ways of the Chou monarchs, which was the basis for subsequent dynasties.
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The tearing of garments and putting on sackcloth are common acts mentioned together in the Hebrew Bible. The author argues that these customs exhibit a tendency in religious observances to revert to the ways of an earlier time.
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Rahmani here presents the first edition of the martyrdom stories of Guria and Shmona in Syriac, who were killed during the Diocletian persecution. The editor also gives a Latin translation and discusses historical and textual matters in the introduction.
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The reviewer praises an annual, comprised of a series of articles, as valuable for students entering the ministry. The author advocates modesty, hard work and piety amongst other virtues.
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Three inscriptions are laid out, which directly relate to the Assyrian ceremony of the scapegoat. Many of the rites discusses in these inscriptions relate to those of the Israelites. Translations and commentaries are given of all three inscriptions.
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The article rejects the argument that the Bible was not solely penned by Moses. He examines the evidence and presents his own to oppose it. He concludes that neither side of the argument can be proven.
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This article reviews a memoir of Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island. The reviewer presents Williams’ biography, the founding of Providence and the creation of Rhode Island. Much attention is paid to the politics of its founding.
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The author’s intent is to continue a search about the origins of the Phoenician alphabet and whether it has a connection to old Babylonian and Egyptian. Up until this point, no satisfactory connection has been made to the Babylonian syllabaries.
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The appearance is given in the Roman text, Historia Naturalis, that the Seres were a people who imported iron and silk to Rome from China. However, an agreement has never been reached as to the exact origin of this people.
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The author describes the Chaldee Targums, recommending them to readers such that they can use the Targums to convert Jews who use them as evidence for their own religion. The author also analyses several Targums.
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The meaning of the words “totem” and “totemism” have not been consented as of yet. However, totemism has been designated as an exogamous organization in which a clan is allied by an intimate and sacred bond to a natural object.
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The author reviews a volume on ethics, concluding it to be insufficient. Any logical system of ethics and morals must derive from the Bible. The author criticizes the volume’s author for his sympathetic treatment of David Hume.
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The god Nergal had his residence at Cutha, according to numerous passages in cuneiform literature. The ancient king of Uruk, Singamil (ca. 2750 B.C.E.), was also a devoted adherent of the Nergal cult, and fostered his worship at Uruk itself.
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The author reviews a pamphlet that criticizes the connection between church and state in England. He attacks the bias inherent in the system, the inefficiency of it, and its inability to fulfill its churchly duties.
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The author advocates spiritual revivals. He describes the proper revival and says why America in particular stands to benefit from more revivals. He also warns of the negative consequences if there are too few revivals.
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Several Chinese literary accounts attest that the mysterious country in the west called Fu-lin is declared to be identical with the country from ancient times known as Ta-ts’in. The author does not believe that they are one in the same.
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Wide diversity prevails with regard to the date which Zoroaster lived. This diversity is largely due to incongruities in ancient statements on the subject. One can reasonably conclude that he lived between the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E.
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Prince believes that Hittite shows marked non-Aryan peculiarities. He attempts to examine some important points in the morphology of Hittite in order to determine whether or not some of the most salient forms are of non-Aryan, rather than Indo-European.
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This paper’s purpose is to present a brief synopsis of the available data concerning the Asiatic elephant and the traffic in its ivory during the earlier historical periods in regions where it has now disappeared, particularly in ancient China.
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The article responds to a postscript from a letter to the editor on the journal’s position on loans by the American Education Society. The editor counters the writer’s claims and defends the journal’s prior position.
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The author attacks practices common in newer forms of education. He generally calls for a more conservative, less experimental, approach which emphasizes deep general knowledge. No formal method is offered to replace the broken system.
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Every region around the world has a version of the Fountain of Youth myth. The author is concerned as to the origin of the story. He concludes that India is the source of the fable.
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The article comments on and reprints passages from a commencement speech for the Alumni Association of Nassau Hall. In the address, John Sergeant discusses why not many students are inadequately prepared for college work.
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The review reviews the life of Rev. Rowland Hill based on his published biography. Included is the minutia of his preaching career. Though a review, the article comments little on the text, more or less paraphrasing it.
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Friedrich Hrozny believes that Hittite is an Indo-European language. On face value, Hrzony makes a strong case. However, Maurice Bloomfield is not entirely convinced by Hrozny’s evidence that Hittite belongs to this etymological group.
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The author presents the history of Pelagius and his position against original sin. He reviews the positions for and against the doctrine of original sin, concluding that original sin cannot be proven true.
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The author attacks American slavery but disputes the call to instant abolition and race-mixing. He advocates the American Colonization Society’s “back-to-Africa” approach as well as a slow, political approach to ending slavery in America.
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Sbath here publishes the Arabic text of The Medical Garden, a compendium of medical-philosophical definitions, the work of the last prominent member of the famous Bakhtishu‘ family of physicians, with notes and a brief introduction.
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The article reviews a text by a convert from Presbyterianism to the Protestant Episcopal Church. The reviewer is critical of much of the evidence the author uses and declares the book to be poor in quality and unoriginal.
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The article reviews a book which is highly critical of Quakerism. The reviewer relates a brief history of Quakerism and proceeds to challenge Quaker doctrines. Quakerism is described as an incorrect form of Christianity.
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This reading or practice book for this Aramaic dialect was originally published at the Catholic Press of Urmia. It progresses from simple letter forms on to words, phrases, sentences, and then short narratives.
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This handbook for grammatical forms in Syriac provides students and scholars with a quick reference for the various forms of nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and also offers a simple way to learn Syriac grammatical terminology.
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The article reviews the memoir of Rev. George Burder. The reviewer outlines the reverend’s family, his entrance to the ministry, his shift into missionary work, his preaching, and his hardships. The reviewer judges his style and persona.
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This small practice book for learning to read Syriac went through several printings at the Dominican Press in Mosul. It guides the reader through letter forms into words and then some practice reading passages.
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This unique volume has a discussion of the lives of the Fathers extant in Syriac texts then at the British Museum. Plates reproduce a number of fragments of these manuscripts, together with Dietrich’s descriptions.
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This catechism in the Aramaic dialect of Urmia, originally published at the Lazarist Press there, provides questions and answers regarding the Catholic faith in that language.
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In this short work, originally published in the Festschrift for Nöldeke, Chabot gives a notice and overview of the Gannat Bussame, a commentary on the East Syriac lectionary and an important witness to the East Syriac exegetical tradition.
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This is the second printing of a Catholic catechism in the Aramaic dialect of Mosul, originally published at the Dominican Press there.
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The article describes and critiques the authenticity of the epistles of Ignatius. The author claims that the illegitimacy of letters that speak of prelacy erodes the basis for Episcopacy and Presbyterianism.
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As part of his work on Origen, Adolf Harnack covers the Greek patristic terms for rebirth and related concepts.
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This short catalogue lists the heresies known on the Syrian frontier of the Roman Empire in the beginning of the fifth century.
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The doctrine and origin of two of the commentaries of Hippolytus of Rome, whose troubled career has left him with the reputation of both Saint and Antipope
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Mingana here looks at the early history of Christianity in India, with references to most (if not all) of the passages in Syriac and Christian Arabic literature, as well as other documentary evidence, pertaining to the subject.
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In this work, Rahmani gives a survey of the Church at Antioch and its relationship to other churches, especially the Roman, and publishes (with Latin translation) a number of unedited texts (all Syriac, except one in Arabic).
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The author sets out to uncover more about the religion of the Achaemenian Kings and the Zoroastrian religion through many different kinds of ancient inscriptions and texts, both Persian and non-Persian.
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The main goal of this study is to present data from Syriac and Christian Arabic writers, and some other sources, dealing with missionary activity and the expansion of Christianity into east Asia.
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Professor Lepsiuis’ created the standard alphabet for reducing unwritten languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters. The validity and strength of this alphabet is tested by Whitney and the American Oriental Society.
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This article is a close translation, with explanatory notes, of the treatise Tattuva-Kattalei, the law of things according to their essential nature. This treatise was probably designed as a guide or manual for the Guru.
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Renan (1823-1892) here gives a study of Aristotelian philosophy among both east Syriac and west Syriac schools at different times and in different centers, including Syriac texts as paving the way for the Arabic reception of Greek philosophy.
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This pamphlet is designed to help guide Churchmen and women in their reading on the Muslim world. At a time when, as Addison pointed out, Islam was throwing off the inertia of centuries and actively seeking to adopt the ways of the West, it was especially necessary to understand the beginnings, developments, and trends in that faith. Addison, who was one of the leading students of Islam in the Episcopal Church of his day, wrote this brief essay and appended it to descriptions of a few well selected books intended to give readers an understanding of the world of Islam.
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In this brief study of the creation account in Genesis 1, Radau makes full use of the Sumerian materials available in his day. Summarizing the sea monster versus deity scenario known from the Enuma Elish’s account of Marduk against Tiamat, he shows how Yahweh fits this role in Genesis 1. Going into linguistic detail of the Hebrew and Sumerian sources, he draws a set of correlations between the two.
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In this essential contribution to the study of Aramaisms in the Bible, noted linguist E. Kautzsch provides a thorough introduction to the subject. Since Aramaisms are not overly abundant in the Bible, Kautzsch has the space to dedicate a significant analysis. For linguists interested in how Aramaic influenced biblical Hebrew, as understood at the turn of the twentieth century, this little book will be of great value.
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This brief contribution to the discussion of Semitic metrics was written by a renowned scholar of biblical languages. Concentrating on the partial acrostic poem in Nahum 1.2-2.3, Bickell addresses the metrics of the piece. Laying out the text in Hebrew and in transliteration, Bickell gives his own translation along with his metrical observations. For anyone interested in the poetic structures of Semitic languages, particularly biblical Hebrew, this booklet will provide considerable insight.
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Known as an author of education books, Robbins first wrote this piece as a dissertation at Teachers College, Columbia University. An historical expedition into the role of teachers in sixteenth-century Germany, Robbins muses over the conditions in the Protestant elementary and secondary schools of the past. Outlining the sources available, Robbins lists the kinds of teachers and their number. The character and training of teachers, as well as their appointment and tenure at the end of the Medieval Period are given considerable attention. Their economic conditions and professional and social relationships are examined in the context of their attitude towards their profession. This brief study will be of interest to any who wish to know about the history of the craft of teaching in Europe.
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This brief study entails a reconstruction of the metrical pieces of the book of the prophet Jeremiah. Laid out in poetic stanzas, various sections of this noteworthy prophetic book are presented in a form intended to facilitate analysis. Segments of several chapters are included, scanned according to the analytical parameters of Cornill. Noting that Jeremiah differs from the other major prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel in the reduced amount of poetry, Cornill nevertheless seeks a metrical pattern in the work of the prophet and lays it out in the original Hebrew. An informative foreword explains the method and layout choices used. Students of Hebrew metrics or ancient poetry in general will find these insights useful.
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A sympathetic account of how Islam has historically viewed Jesus, this little book sets out to present material from the Quran and other major sources that directly reference Jesus. Passages are presented in the order that they occur rather than being arranged in any artificial, chronological order. Selections from Thalabi’s Stories of the Prophets and one passage from Abu al Fida’s Universal History are included as well.
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Wishing to educate the western world to the wonders of Islam, Lord Headley penned several books on the religion. In the present volume he volunteers the various attributes that made Islam a viable option for a western citizen. Understanding the religion would ultimately undermine fears others felt toward the unfamiliar faith. Taking traditional areas of concern to task, he addresses peacefulness, women’s place in Islam, willful misrepresentations, self-control, fear, law and order, converts, praise and thanksgiving, and the continuation of God’s blessings. Such a strong case suggested to his readers that society’s fears stemmed from misunderstanding.
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In his zeal to convert Muslims to Christianity, Zwemer was unmatched and this book helps to explain why. Not shy about admitting that the three major monotheistic religions share the concept of one God, he begins an examination of Islamic ideas about God, from a Christian perspective. Starting with the premise of the singularity of Allah, Zwemer discusses the Muslim ideas of the divine essence. In a chapter about the ninety-nine names of Allah he explores the similarity to the rosary and Islamic ideas of divine justice. Passing next to the attributes of Allah, Zwemer examines and analyzes what Muslims assert regarding God. In further chapters he deals with how Allah interacts with the world, the concept of the Trinity, and predestination. Determining that the completed idea of God in Islam is incomplete, Zwemer concludes with a case for the God of Christianity.
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Having lived for many years in Beirut, John Wortabet grew to know much about the Islamic world. Recognizing the wisdom and integrity of the people and religion of what was then known as Syria, Wortabet set about to preserve the essentials of Arabic wisdom in this little book. The wisdom saying, a literary form of ancient pedigree in this part of the world, is generally a brief but pointed statement of a truth distilled from careful observation. Wortabet here presents these saying arranged according to topic, with the goal of facilitating understanding between the wider world and those who live in what has become a very unsettled region.
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In this theological exposition on the concept of the Logos in the writings of Philo of Alexandria, Réville offers a probing piece of research. Beginning with the historical milieu of Philo’s time, he moves on to his main focus, playing out what the doctrine of the Logos is. Theologians who wish to know turn-of-the-century ideas concerning the Logos will find this irresistible reading.
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Written by a well-known convert to Islam, this little study traces the connections between the major prophets of each of the monotheistic faiths. Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. He discusses the moral influences of these founders on their followers and the impact they had on their world. Headley next considers the way that these founders died or left the world and also what they had taught about the next world. Special attention is given, naturally, to the advent of Islam and what happened after the founding of the faith. Headley ends with a brief sketch of the life of Muhammad. A compact study written from the Islamic point of view, this book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the relations between the three monotheistic religions.
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Hasting’s Great Texts of the Bible was a massive, twenty volume set of Bible Studies. Under each biblical book comments were added to the lections in order to provide homiletical support. Conscientious about the difficulty of locating material in a resource of about 10,000 pages, Hastings had an index prepared. Knowing that clergy and biblical scholars tend to seek subjects for study, the index was prepared as an alphabetical index rather than a simple scriptural one. Such a resource retains its value for those who continue to use the extensive commentary that Hastings edited. This little index will be helpful to anyone following in Hasting’s impressive footsteps.
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This volume contains Syriac texts of the old Syriac translation of Gregory Nazianzen’s orations edited from British Museum manuscripts. Fourteen orations, in whole or in part, are included, with concordance of the texts with Migne’s Patrologia Graeca edition.
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This volume contains Schrader’s study of the underworld journey of Ishtar. He examines this Old Babylonian epic together with samples from Assyrian poems. The text is given, along with a translation, commentary and glossary.
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Samuel A. Rhea created a brief vocabulary and grammar while doing missionary work with the Kurds. His goal in creating a Kurdish grammar was to translate the Old and New Testaments into Kurdish.
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The name Asur is difficult. In cuneiform, it is designated for the city, country, and deity. However, it appears that the deity was named after the city, which emerged first.
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Bhartrharinirveda of Harihara is a play that glorifies the Yoga philosophy, which teaches that the summum bonuzz is the discrimination and separation of soul from matter, thus leading through renunciation of the world to isolation of the ego.
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Jastrow addresses how the final codification of the laws of Hammurapi evolved and which process the Babylonians used to get there. The Code of Hammurapi was subject to constant adjustments, providing that conditions constantly changed and new situations arose.
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The article refutes many of the arguments Stephen Henry Langdon made in his article on the text “The Sumerian Epic of Paradise, Flood, and Fall of Man”. The essay concludes with the entire text laid out and a commentary.
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The Sumerian hymn K. 257 is in the Emne-sal dialect, which is the non-Semitic designation for a variation of Sumerian. The focus of the hymn is the goddess Belit. However, no conclusion was reached about her origin.
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A significant portion of this article contains the original texts, translations, and comments of two Sanskrit inscriptions discovered in 1857. Both inscriptions list the names of the rulers of Chedi and the names of their consorts and kinsmen.
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Burgess attempts to prove the originality of the nakshatra system to the Hindus. He proves the early existence of this system and disproves the origin of the lunar zodiac system to the Chinese and the Arabs.
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One of the issues consistently plaguing New Testament scholars is the date of the Gospel of John. No consensus exists on this thorny dilemma. Looking at the world around the Bible, extrabiblical testimony often provides evidence for such questions. Insights drawn from Irenaeus are used by Lewis to help shed light on the topic. Noting the extent to which Irenaeus bears on the fourth Gospel, Lewis discusses the potential authors of John that could have been known by Irenaeus. Ending with modern conclusions to the issue, Lewis provides a useful summary of state of Irenaeus studies around the beginning of the twentieth century.
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In the days when many Americans were first becoming aware of the larger religious world, Sailer introduced them to Islam. Reaching for an understanding of how the two religions relate, he begins this study with an introduction to the Muslim world. Sailer approaches the subject with a respect for Islam and its believers. Aiming to prepare missionaries for Muslim regions, he writes for a general readership. Understanding, he believes, begins with an overview of Muslim life and the character and influences on Islam. Designed as a short adult course on the subject, this booklet has instructions for the leader of an adult group on the topic. Interested in the impact of Christianity on Islam, Sailer explores what churches might do. Taken all together, this little booklet spells out a plan of action for what the author saw as a missionary opportunity.
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Among the many issues that plague Christian sensibilities, perhaps none is as stressful as the virgin birth. Since the advent of higher criticism the concept itself the concept had grown increasing untenable to the point that an anonymous cleric decided to take action in this booklet. Scientific study of the Bible had revealed that what had appeared to have been predictions were often mistranslations, and many were shaken by such revelations. Succinct and irenic, this treatment will be appreciated by Christians who are still concerned over the implications that serious biblical study raises.
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From one of the leading scholars of Islam in the last century comes this exploration of Christianity and Islam. Right from the beginning Becker notes that there are different points of view on the subject. Examining the nature of the subject and the historical connections between the religions, he turns to the meeting of the two faiths. Emerging outlooks at the time demonstrated just how much these religions affected each other. Those interested in the history of western religions will find this a refreshing resource. Also useful to students, this informative booklet is a welcome find.
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Deissmann was a scholar well known for his work with the Greek of the New Testament. In this little volume he considers the Hellenization of Semitic monotheism. Primarily concerned with the changes after Alexander’s conquest, the book is a brief exploration of Greek religion in the aftermath of conquest. Semitic monotheism was, according to Deissmann, a new concept for the Greek world. Hellenistic outlooks had long been influenced by classical viewpoints. Into this cultural milieu the Judaic concept of monotheism made immediate inroads. This influence is explored primarily in linguistic form, including considerations of the Septuagint. Both Hellenists and Semitic scholars will find material of interest here. Observations made by Deissmann influenced later thought in this field. Stretching across disciplines, this study will interest cultural historians as well. Share the sense of discovery with this useful booklet.
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Generally considered the leading pre-Islamic dialect of Coptic, Sahidic is an important language for Orientalists. Perhaps because of its body of original, non-translated material, Sahidic is the Coptic dialect most commonly studied outside of ecclesiastical settings. Sahidic, however, is also used as a language of translation, as in this booklet containing the biblical book of Job in that dialect. Unparalleled as a source for beginners in Coptic, this small portion of the Bible presents a familiar starting point. Coptic scholars will also find this resource worth their time as an historical example of the language and its study. Known also as Thebaic, this form of Coptic was used for translating major portions of the Bible. Since it was used by the church as well, this tract will be of interest to biblical scholars as well.
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Willi Heffening publishes a German translation of two litanies that are preserved only in a Paschal book from the Coptic Church. Heffening also includes an introduction and supplements the translation with critical notes.
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Anton Baumstark compares the text of a Gospel citation found in a Coptic Manichaean Kephalaia with other versions of the text in order to demonstrate that it was influenced by the Diatessaron tradition.
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Anton Baumstark discusses the various, complex problems inherent in any attempt to determine the influences from other translation traditions on the form of the Christian-Palestinian text of the Pentateuch.
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In the present article, Anton Baumstark describes the decorative illustrations found in an Arabic gospel text of the fourteenth century and concludes that they represent antique artistic features that were preserved only in the Oriental manuscript tradition.
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In the first of two articles published here together, A.M. Scheneider challenges the work of P. Power on the location of the house of Caiphas at the church of St. Peter in Gallicantu, and in the second article Power responds.
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Anton Baumstark surveys key developments in the Byzantine liturgical rite and attempts to view these developments within the historical circumstances that likely affected or caused them.
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Odilo Heiming publishes here the Syriac text and German translation of eighty brief Syriac hymns (enjane) that were not included in Jules Jeannin’s Mélodies liturgiques syriennes et chaldéennes.
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In the present article, Isidor Scheftelowitz challenges the conclusions of Richard Reitzenstein that a Manichaean hymn fragment contained influences from the old Iranian religious system by offering a new translation and texts for comparison.
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Georg Graf publishes here the Arabic text and German translation of a “protocol report” by Cyril ibn Laklak, an important historical source for the study of the life of Cyril and for the history of Egyptian bishops.
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Arthur Allgeier presents a survey of medieval translations of the Psalms in comparison with the translations of Jerome’s Psalterium iuxta Hebraeos in order to contrast the use of the underlying Hebrew text in the translation.
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This volume contains an edition, with annotated translation, of one of Narsai’s poems on the Joseph story from Genesis.
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In these two articles, Zingerle surveys, in German, fourteen poems from Isaac of Antioch and Jacob of Sarug. His aim is to look at how two different Syriac authors expound the same theme: the events surrounding Jesus’ crucifixion.
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Anton Baumstark compares elements of the “old-Spanish” or Mozarabic liturgy with eastern liturgies in order to demonstrate an “oriental” influence.
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Anton Baumstark compares selections from the Latin Te Deum hymns with eastern Eucharistic prayers in order to find evidence of eastern influence on the western liturgical tradition.
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In this volume, Moss gives an introduction, edition, and annotated translation of an important poem (in the seven-syllable meter) from Isaac of Antioch on the Huns’ attack on Constantinople in the 440s.
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Otto Spies publishes here a critical apparatus with variant readings to supplement Johannes Bachmann’s edition of the Ethiopic version of the work “concerning the eight [sinful] thoughts” by Evagrius of Pontus. Spies provides a German translation of the collated text.
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Sasse’s foundational study of the early Syriac author Aphrahat is divided into three sections: Aphrahat’s life, his writings (including a study of the Armenian translation), and his biblical citations in comparison with the Peshitta.
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In this study, Haneberg focuses on three prominent authors of the Church of the East: Theodore of Mopsuestia, Narsai, and Babai the Great. He includes three short poems from each author in vocalized Syriac together with a German translation.
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Sebastian Euringer publishes here the Syriac text of Isho’dad of Merv’s commentary on the Song of Songs accompanied by an introduction, a German translation of the commentary, notes on the translation, and parallels from other commentaries.
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In the present essay, Anton Baumstark surveys several Christmas texts from the Roman Antiphonarius Officii in an attempt to find evidence of Byzantine influence. Baumstark focuses the comparison on poetic texts in the Byzantine tradition.
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Sebastian Euringer publishes here the Ethiopic text of an Anaphora dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Supplementing the Ethiopic text, Euringer also includes a critical apparatus with variant readings and a German translation.
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This volume contains an Italian translation of Jacob of Sarug’s eulogy of Simon the Stylite.
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The Syriac tradition played an important role in shaping pre- and early Islamic concepts of Christianity. In this article, Anton Baumstark argues that a few Arabic citations of the Bible reflect reliance on Old Syriac translations rather than the Peshitta.
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Curt Peters presents the collated Arabic texts of several Gospel passages that include noteworthy variants. For each passage, Peters includes a critical apparatus with variant readings and a German translation.
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This volume reproduces translations of Aphrahat’s 2nd and 7th Demonstrations into English. The texts cover themes including Law and Gospel, salvation history, commandments to love and forgive, repentance, Jesus as physician, and pastoral care.
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In the present essay, Anton Baumstark responds to E. Weigand’s argument for a Western influence on the artwork found in tenth century illustrated Armenian manuscripts by demonstrating that the artistic influences could have come from the Eastern tradition as well.
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Paul Kahle publishes here a German translation, with critical notations, of twelve Aramaic Marka hymns, which are an important piece in the early Samaritan liturgy. Kahle’s work supplements other works that contain the Aramaic texts by providing a modern translation.
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This volume contains two short studies on the Diatessaron and Syriac literature. Readers who study the history of the Gospels in Syriac and their reception and use in Syriac literature will find these two studies of interest.
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Hieronymus Engberding publishes here a comparison of the Syriac-Antiochene Anaphora of the Twelve Apostles with portions of the Marionite tradition of the Anaphora and the Greek liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, including parallel texts and concluding discussion.
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Paul Krüger discusses the influence of the “rain prayer” of Ephrem by tracing its use throughout several stages in the development of the Syriac liturgical traditions.
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In the present essay, Curt Peters compares citations from the Gospel of Matthew in the Syriac translation of Eusebius’s “Theophany” in order to determine the form of the citations within the Syriac translation tradition.
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This volume, Weyl’s inaugural dissertation, contains the critical edition of Narsai’s second poem on Joseph (from Genesis), edited from two Berlin manuscripts, along with several pages of philological annotations to the text.
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Georg Graf publishes a German translation, accompanied by translation notes, of an Arabic poenitentiale text that is a collection of previous material. Graf also provides an introduction to the text in which he discusses source materials and their relationship.
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This fascinating volume contains excerpts from four otherwise unedited (and untranslated) homilies from Jacob of Sarug on the theatre. Moss gives a substantive introduction, and then presents the texts in Syriac and in English translation.
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In the present study, Willi Heffening presents a German translation of two sermons by Chrysostom on the subject of the monk Theodore preserved in Arabic. The text is also extant in Greek, but the Arabic version contains several unique features.
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P. Maternus Wolff publishes here the text and German translation of twenty Eucharistic prayers from the Syraic tradition. Wolff also includes an apparatus containing critical notes and an introduction in which he discusses several unique features of these prayers.
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Alfred Rahlfs provides translations and a comparative analysis of inscriptions from Ezana, king of Aksum and the Abyssinian Empire that have previously been regarded as proof of the origin of Christianity in Ethiopia.
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In the present article, Sebastian Euringer publishes the Ethiopic text of an anaphora attributed to Athanasius. Euringer also provides a German translation of the text as well as a critical apparatus with variant readings and critical notes.
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In the present article, Sebastian Euringer publishes the Ethiopic text of an anaphora attributed to Ephphanius, the Bishop of Cyprus, and accompanies the text with a German translation and a textual apparatus including variant readings.
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Willi Heffening publishes here the Arabic version of the “sermon against laughter” attributed to Ephrem. Heffening accompanies the Arabic text with a brief introduction, a German translation, and a critical apparatus with variants from the Greek version.
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This volume is Baethgen’s dissertation from the University of Leipzig, in which he presents the Syriac text, based on the only manuscript of the work (from Berlin), along with an annotated German translation and an introduction.
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Frothingham here offers the Syriac text, with an annotated Italian translation, of Jacob of Sarug’s homily on the Baptism of Constantine (832 lines), based chiefly two manuscripts, one from the Vatican and the other from the British Museum.
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In this brief work, Larsow discusses the evidence for Syriac dialects, other than the well-known eastern and western varieties, and he especially makes use of material from the lexica of Bar Ali and Bar Bahlul.
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In this influential book, Ely produced an impact outside his own field of economy that was felt in the world of theological study. Still timely and sensible, this treatment of a layman’s view of the social obligations of Christianity maintains its ability to challenge convention and urge for progress. A significant treatment of an essential aspect of ethical religious principles, this book would be profitably read by all who are interested in a fair society.
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In this edition of the poems of Mutalammis, a 6th-century poet from the tribe of Bakr, Vollers draws on his extensive experience in Cairo to present an informative edition of the poems in both Arabic and German translation. After a substantial introduction to the material at hand, the Arabic texts, annotated, are presented. This is followed by the fragments that have survived and a translation of texts I to XVII. With this wealth of material, the interested reader of early Arabic poetry will find this edition of poems by Mutalammis a welcome edition to their library of Arabic literature.
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Although this fragmentary Eastern Syriac Anaphora was previously published by G. Bickell, R.H. Connolly disagreed with several editorial and conjectural decisions. Thus, Connolly publishes here his own edited version of the text accompanied by a Latin translation and extended notes.
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Anton Baumstark compares the Greek text of a Theotokion preserved in a sixth-century manuscript to comparable texts from the Oriental Christian traditions and the Western Ambrosian Rite.
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Anton Baumstark surveys the possible literary sources for liturtgical hymn prayers of the Eastern Syriac tradition and also provides a Latin translation of nineteen such prayers found in Bedjan’s Chaldean Breviary.
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P. Maternus Wolff publishes here the Syriac text and German translation of three burial hymns by Narsai that were originally included in an unfinished work by Karl Macke. Wolff also includes an introduction and a critical apparatus for the text.
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Egon Wellesz presents here a thorough study of music in the Ethiopic Christian tradition. Wellesz’s discussion includes a survey of previous literature, a comparison of musical features with other traditions, and examples of Ethiopic musical texts.
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Adolf Rücker publishes here the Syriac text and German translation of two poems about the Magi from the “Nestorian” Syriac tradition and discusses the unique features of the Magi narrative present in the Syriac sources.
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Joseph Catergian’s Die Liturgien bei den Armeniern was significant for liturgical studies in the Armenian tradition, but it lacked translations of the texts. The present publication includes translations by Peter Ferhart, Anton Baumstark, and Adolf Rücker.
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August Haffner provides a critique of Ernst Trumpp’s use of the Ethiopic and Arabic sources used in his publication of the Hexamaron of Pseudo-Ephiphanius.
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In this collection of poetry of Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, as well as poems published in his name, Schulthess does a great service in bringing together these legendary Arabic poems. Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt was a contemporary of Muhammad who did not accept Islam. Printed here in the original Arabic, the poems are also translated in German and annotated. Schulthess also provides a knowledgeable introduction that includes a listing of the manuscript sources utilized in the reconstruction of the texts.
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Turning his keen linguistic eye toward various influences on the Syriac language, Lagarde he addresses the various Persian, Armenian, and Indic words that occur in Syriac literature. Arranged alphabetically according to the Syriac spelling of the words, Lagarde ably addresses 222 loan words with frequently detailed entries tracing roots of the words back through their linguistic pedigree. For the scholar of comparative Semitic philology who is interested in the wider background and origins of these specific words, this booklet will prove to be a powerful and much-used tool.
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Previous attempts to compare the art and architecture of Ravenna have focused only on Rome and Constantinople, but Josef Strzygowski argues here that the Oriental Christian tradition should be considered as a contributing influence as well.
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Felix Haase presents one of the first in-depth surveys of the text of the Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre and focuses on the issue of the texts that were used as sources for the composition of the Chronicle
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Theodor Kluge publishes a German translation of two Eastern Christian liturgical texts for use in Holy Week, Easter and Pentecost. Anton Baumstark adds notations to the translation and includes an introduction to each text.
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Sippar had yielded thousands of clay tablets and these were still being published in this period. Texts are given in transliteration and translation, and commentary is included. The next section concerns the representation from seal impressions, those categorized by gods and those categorized by epic. A comparison of names and an overview of published cuneiform texts also play a role in the discussion. The texts are presented in line drawings and photographs of cylinder-seal impressions conclude the work.
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This set of essays originate in Lagarde’s printed collection Orientalia. The first contribution to this booklet is Lagarde’s analysis of the Coptic manuscripts of the Göttingen library. In addition to describing the manuscripts, he provides data concerning the content, including the biblical passages slated for various liturgical seasons, in keeping with the character of the material. To this is attached an article on selections of the Coptic translation of the Old Testament. Here annotated extracts of the Bible are presented in their original Coptic script, along with relevant apparatus by the author.
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In this widely cited study of the hymns and prayers to Marduk, Hehn has brought together a very useful resource for students of Babylonian religion. The genealogy of Marduk, his sphere of influence, his names and his role as a determiner of fate open the work. Marduk’s function as the protector of Babylon and his persona compared to the biblical idea of the divine, as well as the conflict with the dragon are addressed. There follow several texts that fit into the categories of hymns and prayers to Marduk. Each one is given in transliteration, translation, and with comments. The study concludes with line drawings of the individual tablets.
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Taken from the collection of studies published under the collective title Mémoires de l'histoire et de Ia geographie orientales, Mémoire sur la Conquête de la Syrie stands as a monument to the insight of M. J. de Goeje on the Arabic conquest of Syria. This brief account of an important phase of Syria’s history will be sure to please those interested in the general history of the Middle East as well as scholars studying the rise of Islam.
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In this study on relative pronouns and relative sentences in Assyrian, Kraetzschmar begins with the origin and demonstrative use of relative pronouns, noting the primary position of ša as a genitive and a preposition. Kraetzschmar also addresses relative sentences without ša. He also addresses the conjunctive relative sentence in Akkadian, considering subjective, objective, and sentences with time and syllogistic elements. Although a technical study, this exploration into a key form of expression in the burgeoning era of Akkadian studies will still find a place in libraries of specialists in Mesopotamian languages.
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Lagarde’s edition of the British Museum manuscript of an abridged version of the Geoponica is here made available again for the use of scholars and interested historians. Originally composed by Vindonius Anatolius of Beirut, a fourth-century Greek author, the Geoponica is an example of early natural science, a collection of agricultural tracts. Published here with Lagarde’s Latin commentary on the material from his Gesammelte Abhandlungen, this obscure and difficult text is now available for the first time with the insightful comments of the linguist who edited the Syriac text.
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In this set of articles originally published together in his booklet Orientalia, Lagarde addresses several issues concerning Hebrew studies. The first article, Explanation of Hebrew Words, addresses the use of twelve significant lexemes. Added to this essay is a contribution of Lagarde to the Hebrew reflected in Ephraim the Syrian’s work on Genesis, extant in Armenian. Select passages from Genesis 2 through 38 are given consideration in the light of philological investigation. Together these pieces represent a useful collection of insights into the Hebrew language both through classic philology and through the ecclesiastical interpretation of a scholar in the tradition of Syriac Christianity.
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In this formative study of the Babylonian and Assyrian letters, originally published over three articles in Beiträge zur Assyriologie, Delitzsch presents in transliteration and translation, 40 Akkadian letters, along with critical notes and remarks. These letters are addressed to the Queen-Mother and to the King and generally date from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods and contexts. An example of early analysis of the still-young discipline of Assyriology, this study provides insights into the dynamics of royal life in the late Mesopotamian empires.
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Originally a two-part publication, geographer Wilhelm Tomaschek’s study on the historic topography of Persia is here published in one volume. Beginning with the street layout of the Tabula Peutingerana, the author describes the major routes of the Persian realm as reflected in antiquity. Although reflecting the period of the Qajar Dynasty prior to the developments during the World Wars, this guide still provides historic information concerning the mapping of one of the great empires of the ancient world.
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This study considers the topography of Asia Minor during a period of intense historical interest, the era spanning the Crusades. Useful for historians of the Middle Ages and especially those interested in the events surrounding the use of Asia Minor as a bridge to the distant lands of the Holy Land, this brief examination will retain its value. Presenting Turkey as it was seen during the Ottoman period, this topographical history will also appeal to historians of the final days of the empire.
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Wladimir de Grüneisen surveys the history of the basket-design in art and architecture in the Greco-Roman world based on a column capital and transom discovered at Tusculum.
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Arthur Allgeier publishes here two articles concerning the “Legend of the Seven Sleepers” in the Syriac tradition. The first article includes a discussion of the text’s transmission history and the second includes the Syriac text, German translation, and apparatus.
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Oriental liturgical experts Jules Jeannin and Julien Puyade survey the historical development and musical features of the Greek Octoechos musical tradition as it was adopted, adapted, and utilized in the Syriac tradition.
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Sebastian Euringer publishes here the Ethiopic text and German translation of an anaphora attributed to James, the brother of Jesus.
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Joseph Michael Heer discusses the philological, text-critical, and liturgical value of five parchment pages containing the resurrection narratives from the Gospels of Mark and Luke in parallel columns of Greek and Sahidic Coptic and provides a transcription of the texts.
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The ancient myth of a hero who slays a mythical beast worked its way into the lore of early Christianity. Willy Hengstenberg discusses here the sources for the dragon-slaying legend attributed to two separate fourth-century figures named Theodore.
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Marius Chaîne publishes the Coptic text and French translation of a letter attributed to Severus of Antioch and addressed to the deaconess Anastasia. In the introduction, Chaîne discusses the attribution to Severus and the exegetical method displayed within the letter.
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Presented in the original Persian, this volume represents the solely published first volume of the Haft Ásmán “seven heavens,” or a compendium of poetry in the seven epic meters of Persian poetry. This history of the masnawí, or Middle Persian poetic form, written in rhymed couplets, is here presented by one of the recognized teachers of Persian in India. This, his final work, was intended to be an introduction to the works of Nizami. As such it contains invaluable nuggets about the Persian poets and their poetry.
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Anton Baumstark compares the description of various holy sites in Jerusalem from the Byzantine age in a neglected source—a tenth-century Typikon of Anastasis—with the descriptions found in other ancient texts.
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Hermann Junker provides here a thorough discussion of the salient features of the Coptic poetry that flourished in the tenth-century. Following this introduction, Junker provides the Coptic text and German translation of dozens of these poems.
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Illustrations were common in manuscripts of the Gospels, but far less common for the Acts and Epistles. Anton Baumstark describes the images found in one manuscript that does include illustrations for these documents and compares them with the Eastern tradition.
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Jacob Wickert offers one of the most thorough discussions of Euthymios Zigabenus ever produced, including an introduction to his life and a detailed discussion of the contents of Euthymios’s compendium of heresies, the Panoplia Dogmatica.
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The “Autobiography” of Dionysius the (Pseudo-)Aereopagite exists in two separate recensions found in three manuscripts. Marc-Antoine Kugener publishes here the Syriac text of the two recensions along with an introduction and a German translation.
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Franz Cöln publishes here an anonymous treatise that deals with the topic of church authority from the perspective of the Syriac tradition. Cöln publishes the Arabic text of the treatise and includes a Latin translation and a brief introduction.
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Anton Baumstark discusses the critical issues in the dating of the text of the Peregrinatio of Egeria. After comparing the account with other texts, Baumstark concludes in favor of the traditional fourth-century date and provides needed support for this conclusion.
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Bernhard Vandenhoff publishes here a German translation of three Neo-Aramaic poems and one Syriac poem. In the introduction to these translations, Vanderhoff discusses the dialects and provides an overview of the content of the poems.
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Anton Baumstark publishes here the portion of Theodore bar Koni’s Scholia that deals with the various Greek philosophical schools of thought. Baumstark provides an introduction to the Syriac text and includes a Latin translation.
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Anton Baumstark publishes two memre on the subject of Mary’s passing. The first is attributed to Jacob of Serug and the second to John of Birta. Baumstark also provides a brief introduction to the texts.
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The Nomocanons of the Eastern Orthodox traditions are valuable historical sources for the church traditions they represent. Franz Cöln presents here the collated text of a Nomocanon attributed to Miha’il of Malig and preserved in Garshuni and Arabic manuscripts.
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Anton Baumstark describes thirty Psalter illustrations that he found in a manuscript belonging to the Greek Patriarch of Jerusalem. These illustrations significantly increase our knowledge of Psalter illustrations in the Syriac tradition.
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Emil Goeller introduces and provides the text of a unique resource for the ecclesiastical history of the “Nestorian” church. The text, presented in Syriac with a Latin translation, is a compilation of historical sources focused on the story of Nestorius.
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Bruno Kirschner publishes here the Syriac text of seven full acrostic Sogiatha hymns and accompanies each with a brief introduction and a German translation. Kirschner also includes a general introduction to acrostic poetry in the Syriac tradition.
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Descriptions of the Holy Lands abound, yet each offers a unique perspective. Anton Baumstark publishes here an Arabic version of one such description accompanied by a brief introduction to the text and a Latin translation.
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Kyriakos, Patriarch of Antioch, was an influential figure in the development of the Syriac Monophysite tradition. Karl Kaiser presents here a brief but important survey of his life and publishes the Syriac text of a liturgy attributed to Kyriakos.
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Paul Vetter presents the Armenian text, along with a Greek translation, of the “Gnostic Martyrdom of Peter” from the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. The article also includes an appendix in which Vetter describes the manuscripts used in the collation.
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Franz Cöln presents here the Arabic text of an anonymous writing defending the beliefs of the Jacobite Church against the beliefs of other traditions. The text includes a critical apparatus and is accompanied by a German translation.
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Early Christian artistic renderings of the traditio legis, exhibit a variety of commonalities and differences. Anton Baumstark compares various versions of the scene and finds evidence of both a Western and an Eastern version represented in multiple sources.
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Oskar Braun provides a brief introduction to the life and career of Patriarch Timothy I, including a list of his writings with special attention to his letters and the Syriac text and German translation for five of Timothy’s letters.
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Joseph Berenbach presents here the Arabic text and German translation of an important anti-heretical work by the Melkite Christian author Paul er-Rahib. Berenbach describes the manuscripts used in the critical text and introduces the character of Paul.
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Book VIII of the Apostolic Constitutions has one of the most complex transmission histories of any text from the Christian Orient. Anton Baumstark describes various sources for parallel texts in order to explicate its translation history in the Oriental languages.
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Anton Baumstark presents the complete Greek text of the Liturgy of Saint Gregory the Great. The liturgy was highly influential in the Latin tradition, but as evidenced by the early translation, it also had limited circulation in the Greek tradition.
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Abu-al-Barakat published two versions of the list of seventy disciples sent out by Jesus. Anton Baumstark presents here the Arabic text, along with a critical Latin version, of Barakat’s list that was allegedly translated from a Greek original.
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Abu-al-Barakat published two versions of the list of seventy disciples sent out by Jesus. Anton Baumstark presents here the Arabic text, along with a Latin translation, of Barakat’s list that was allegedly translated a non-Greek source.
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Paul Vetter presents here a critical edition of the Armenian version of the Acts of Peter and Paul along with a Greek translation. Vetter’s introduction to the text includes a discussion of the complex transmission history evident in the manuscripts.
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These eighteen stories pertaining to Anastasius of Mount Sinai include unique information and variations of stories preserved elsewhere. Nau presents the edited Greek text along with an introductory discussion of authorship and sources.
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The Life of Abercius, which received much attention after the archaeological discovery of the “inscription of Abercius,” previously existed in two recensions. Élie Batareikh found a manuscript containing a third recension and publishes here the Greek text of that recension.
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Anton Baumstark presents the Arabic text and Latin translation of an Egyptian version of the Testamentum Domini Nostri Jesu Christi. Baumstark discusses the date of the text and compares the content of the liturgical prayers with various contemporary sources.
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François Nau collated various manuscripts containing stories about the holy fathers of Sinai and presents here the critical and annotated text. These stories offer otherwise unknown information about St. John Climacus and include useful historical and geographic details.
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Marius Besson presents the critical text of two manuscripts containing an apophthegmatic text with sayings attributed to Isaac of Nineveh. The text also includes a separate apparatus with references to parallel texts in various early Christian documents.
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The records of two provincial synods found among the writings of Catholicos Timothy I provide a unique perspective into the christological disputes and struggle for authority in Syriac-speaking Christianity in the late 8th century.
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This Syriac version of the “Liturgy of St. Athanasius” provides a valuable resource for the development of liturgical materials and practices in the Syrian Monophysite tradition. The text includes a critical apparatus and a Latin translation.
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Bloomfield lists and discusses instances of vague and ambiguous mood usages in early Sanskrit syntax.
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The Teaching of Addai is a Syriac document convincingly dated by some scholars in the fourth or fifth century AD. I agree with this dating, but I think that there may be some points containing possible historical traces that go back even to the first century AD, such as the letters exchanged by king Abgar and Tiberius. Some elements in them point to the real historical context of the reign of Abgar ‘the Black’ in the first century. The author of the Doctrina might have known the tradition of some historical letters written by Abgar and Tiberius.
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An extremely provocative text, Bishara pleads the case of the Arab-American to be seen and treated as equal members of American society. An insightful peek into Arab-American self-identity around the turn of the 20th century, Bishara’s essay is of interest to ethnographer and historian alike.
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A monograph on several curse-tablets owned by Johns Hopkins University including text, translation, and extensive commentaries.
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Fay's commentary and emmendation of Goetz and School's edition of Varro's de Lingua Latina.
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Sihler's critique of Ferrero's history of Rome, using Cicero and Caesar's work to evaluate the Italian scholar's use of source material.
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Sir Peterson's analysis of the Vatican codex of Cicero's Verrine Orations.
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A discussion of the psycology behind tense and mood choice in Latin indirect speech.
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Sir Peterson's analysis of the manuscript tradition for the Verrine orations, with particular attention given towards removing word-order errors made by copyists.
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Edwin Fay's mathematical model for the patterns of mutations in nasal Sanskrit verbs.
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Basil Gildersleeve discusses certain difficulties in codifying Greek syntax.
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R.B. Steele provides an analysis of Livy's philosophy on the methology and purpose of the writing of history.
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Prof. Nutting surveys and explains the psycological reasoning behind the conditional sentence, providing context for the often confusing grammatical constructions they present.
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R. B. Steele classifies Livy's use of the gerund and gerundive in his history of Rome, providing insight into the regular useage of this rather irregular feature of Latin grammar.
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Edward Rand's analysis of the Harvard ms. L25, one of the few sources for both Ovid's Heroides and Tacitus' Germania.
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Kirby Flower Smith explores the development of Greek and Latin elegiac meter from its origins to Imperial Rome.
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Kirby Smith explores varying 5th and 4th century BC accounts of the life and demise of Gyges, best known from Herodotous' History.
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Edgerton's review of Hertel's text of the Paficatantra with specific reference to Hertel's interpretation of the Beast myth.
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Prof. Radford uses early Latin poetry to examine patterns of vowel quantity in early spoken Latin.
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Prof. Perrin uses Aristotle's Poetics to classify and analyze the various sorts of recognition scenes found in surviving Greek literature.
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Prof. Wheeler traces the development of the Latin imperfect from its earliest roots to its later simplification.
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Carl Buck examines the wide range of words of speaking found in Indo-European languages.
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Prof. Rand uses references to Hesiod's work in other authors to defend and uphold the received text of Works and Days.
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This series of papers gives photographs, transcriptions, translations, and commentaries upon Roman inscriptions owned by the Johns Hopkins University.
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This is the introduction to Edgerton's edition and translation of the Vikramacarita, a Sanskrit story-collection.
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William Churchill's essay on roots in Polynesian language, challenging the Euro-centric scholarship of traditional linguistics.
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This is Basil Gildersleeves review and guide to Stahl's syntax of the Greek verb, an important work of German philological scholarship.
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Wilfred Mustard finds references to Vergil's Georgics in a variety of English authors from the 15th to the 19th century.
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Prof. Robinson presents a series of inscriptions found in Greece, including transcription and commentary on each.
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Knapp's description of the process by which Johannes Vahlen found and compiled the fragments of Ennius into his Ennianae poesis reliquiae.
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Truman Michelson explores the spelling variants among copies of the Edicts of Ashoka, a legal document in Sanskrit.
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Tenney Frank's review and discussion of the uses of the optative in the Edda sagas of Iceland.
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Sutphen's list of Latin proverbs from the Classical era through the Middle Ages, arranged aphabetically.
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Leech argues against a simplistic view of the Greeks as radical fatalists, underlining their view of the equally prevalent Greek ideas of individual freedom and self-determination.
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H. C. Nutting's exploration of the use and structure of conditional sentences in Cicero's prose provides a clear discussion of this key feature of Latin syntax.
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Kelley Rees examines the question of whether or not the parodoi of Greco-Roman theaters conventionally represented specific destinations relative to the city/ stage.
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Prof. Hendrickson traces the legacy of Greek rhetorical theory in the writings of Cicero.
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Allan Johnson, a famous scholar of ancient civic administration, traces the development of Athenian financial administration in the Hellenistic era.
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Prof. Ogle traces the Classical roots of descriptions of feminine beauty in poetry of the English renaissance.
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Allan Johnson, a famous scholar of ancient civic administration, addresses the origins of the new tribe Ptolemais introduced in 3rd century BC Athens under obscure circumstances.
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David Robinson, excavator of Olynthos, here gives an account of the site and history of Sinope, a trading city on the Black Sea.
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In the west centuries ago manuscripts were replaced by printed books, and relegated to mostly secular libraries as a result of religious and political upheavals. In the Christian Orient such changes were slower and remain less advanced. Manuscripts have not entirely vanished from regular use, and Christian communities retain ownership of significant collections of their historic manuscripts. The vital connection between manuscripts and religious culture endures, even if attenuated by persecution, diaspora, technology, and other aspects of modernity. This essay provides an historical survey of these issues in both Europe and the Christian Orient (limited here to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Ethiopia/Eritrea).
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The historic first attempt to provide a succinct account of the reign of the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Anspacher’s monograph has stood the test of time. Written in accessible form, this brief account of a king, notorious by biblical standards, will be welcomed by all who are interested in the history of the Middle East.
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Steele lists and discusses archaisms in Vergil's Aeneid that were used to reinforce the historical flavor of the epic.
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Frederick Coneybeare analyzes old Armenian codices of Plato's Apology in order to demonstrate the weakness of the chief codex used to support the Greek text.
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Edwin Fay proposes that the Vedic god Agni has his origins in an Aryan lightening god.
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Henry Wood discusses contemporary parodies and commentaries upon the works of Shakespeare in other dramatic productions.
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Thomas Seymour's tribute on the death of William Dwight Whitney is a contemporary biography of this great scholar of linguistics.
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Carl Buck discusses Brugmann's law governing vowel changes from Proto-Indo-European and its application in Sanskrit.
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Francis Wood, a linguist known for his work on Latin and Greek etymology, here presents the thesis “Difference in meaning is of itself no bar to connecting words.”
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Hendrickson suggests that Roman drama was a cross-pollination of Greek comedy with Roman satire.
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Frederick Coneybeare uses Armenian and Greek texts of Chrysostom's sermons on Acts to question and correct the core text in use by the Western church.
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Miller provides a systematic analysis of the ways in which Attic orators used the ancient Greek imperative.
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Reading notes and commentary to Tacitus' Dialogus de oratoribus, a little-known yet key work in Tacitus' ouvre.
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A survey of the independent subjunctive in Plautus, resulting in an alternative set of rules for its use and application.
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Edward Hopkins discusses the reduplication in Vedic nouns that mirrors the sort of reduplication more commonly found in Indo-European verbs, and suggests verbal origins for such nouns.
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Horton-Smith offers an explanation for the negatives haud and ou in Latin and Greek respectively, suggesting a root word meaning "to fail."
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Edward Hopkins, a famous scholar of comparative linguistics, compares the features of the future tense in languages of Aryan (Indo-European) origin.
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Steele suggests a division in the longer edition of Servius' commentary on Vergil between Servius and the work of later commentators.
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Horton-Smith presents a defense of the Law of Thurneysen and Havet, which describes changes in Latin vowels during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
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R. B. Steele discusses the number of occurrences and some of the most noticeable examples of the different forms used by the Latin historians to express purpose, mostly those subjunctive clauses introduced by 'ut'.
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Prof. Elmer re-evaluates common misconceptions surrounding the use and meaning of the Latin prohibitive subjunctive.
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Wallace Martin Lindsay addresses the still unresolved problem of Saturnian meter in early Latin poetry, presenting the case for the accent-based meter over the quantitative.
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William Whitney reviews the Vedic syntax of Delbruck, the founder of the study of comparative linguistcs.
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With a focus on the Kitāb Ādāb al-falāsifah, a book of aphorisms attributed to Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, some of the important aspects of the Kitāb are laid out, particularly those dealing with religion and the pursuit of philosophy. Although putatively, translators and scholars such as Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, opened the way for philosophical dialogue between Muslims and Christians of Orthodox churches on precepts, often based on Aristotle, which they could agree would lead to wisdom and a humane society.
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William Dwight Whitney reviews the work of Bruno Liebich and R. Otto Franke, two scholars whose work was foundational to the codification of Sanskrit grammar and literature.
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In this paper Marguerite Sweet offers a tentative explanation by showing parallels not in Latin (as was previously suggested) but in Gothic.
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Leo Wiener presents an overview of the history, culture, and language of the Jews who emigrated from Germany to Slavic countries and continued to speak a dialect of German.
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Edwin W. Fay uses the process of agglutination and adaptation to explain the base patterns of a variety of languages and also to account for the “exceptions” to the “law” of phonetics.
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Robinson Ellis reviews the debate surrounding the Ciris, an epic in miniature often attributed to Virgil, though never confirmed to be that poet's work.
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Prof. Hendrickson re-attributes works long thought to be that of Varro to other, less famous authors of the Late Roman Republic.
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Maurice Bloomfield discusses a variety of then-current issues in the study of Sanskrit literature and Indian culture.
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Prof. Miller provides an in-depth examination of the use and meaning of the Aorist and Imperfect tenses in Ancient Greek.
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Leo Wiener lists Wolfram von Eschenbach's use of French words in his German epic poems Parzival, Titurel, and Willehalm.
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A conversation between James D. Nogalski and Ehud Ben Zvi on the question of The Twelve, its implications for the historically oriented study of the prophetic books in the Hebrew Bible, and for the reconstruction of the intellectual history of ancient Israel.
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James Rendel Harris uses known statistics of ancient autographs (that is, the original version of a written document) to posit the general appearance of ancient documents in their original form.
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Minton Warren, a distinguished scholar of Roman comedy, explores the origins and shades of meaning in the Latin particle 'ne', arguing that it has both emphatic and interrogative meaning.
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Allen offers a series of inscriptions from Palestine copied by the Rev. Dr. Selah Merrill in the years I875-77, in the course of journeys undertaken under the auspices of the American Palestine Exploration Society.
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Abel H. Huizinga was a noted scholar of Hebrew, and in this, his dissertation for John's Hopkins University, he discusses the mechanics of analogy in semitic languages with a focus on Hebrew.
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Hewlett explores the specific use of the Ancient Greek articular infinitive in Polybius.
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Julius Goebel takes the Chronicle of Limburg and demonstrates how this seemingly prosaic source preserves otherwise unknown German folksong and poetry.
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Edward Parmalee Morris uses his intimate knowledge of the syntax of Plautus to address the conventions for understanding interrogative constructions in Latin sentences.
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Herbert Weir Smyth focuses on a grammatical feature of the Homeric dialect of Greek viewed as an aberration by other grammarians, namely what seems to be a reduction of the -ei diphthong to -i in certain words.
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Francis B. Gummere presents s clear discussion of the issues involved in translating the poem for modern English readers.
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Learned's history and grammar of Pennsylvania German is still a standard text of this living dialect and includes sections on ethnography, history, phonology, grammar, and etymology.
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Maurice Bloomfield was a great authority on Sanskrit literature and comparative linguistics, applies the principles of linguistics to rationalize certain irregular forms in a variety of languages.
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William Dwight Whitney examines Bahtlingk's edition of the two longest of the ancient or genuine Hindu Upanishads, the Chandogya and the Brhad-Aranyaka.
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Charles Short gives a clear and thorough overview of the history of the English Bible and its relation to the changing editions of the Greek and Hebrew texts, then gives a detailed analysis of the revised text of Matthew.
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Prof. Elmer offers an analysis of the use of coordinating conjunctions in Latin of the middle Republic – que, atque, and et.
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Basil Gildersleeve, a prolific scholar of Greek and Latin grammar, here analyzes the development of the final clause in Ancient Greek from Homer to the Athenian dramatists.
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Milton W. Humphreys explores the development of the comic agon – that is, the contest-in-words that is the heart of Athenian drama and a reflection of the speech competitions in Athenian politics.
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Basil Gildersleeve, a prolific scholar of Greek and Latin grammar, here analyzes the difficult syntax of Pindar, paying particular attention to dependent clauses and conditional statements.
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Maurice Bloomfield, a great authority on Sanskrit literature and comparative linguistics, applies the principles of linguistics to explain the recessive accent of Greek verbs in terms of Indo-European.
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John Leverett Moore, in this doctoral thesis for Johns Hopkins University, examines the methods by which Servius organized his commentary on Virgil.
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Edward H. Spieker provides a linguistic analysis of the genitive absolute, one of the key constructions of the Greek language and often compared to the Latin Ablative Absolute despite some key dissimilarities.
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William Dwight Whitney examines various translation of the Upanishads, the sacred Vedic literature of India.
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Nettleship's introduction and commentary to Nonius Marcellus, a 3rd century AD writer on Latin grammar and lexicography. This includes a lengthy biography and background on the work and its influence.
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Fitzedward Hall, an editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, examines the construction “had rather” in English as it is used with verbs (Had rather go, etc.), which many grammarians found to be a puzzling grammatical anomaly.
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Paul Haupt argues for the existence of an e-vowel in Ugaritic, a vowel whose existence is difficult to prove in the consonant-free script of Semitic language.
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Maurice Bloomfield applies the principles of linguistics to find the proper root forms for Ancient Greek words, a task complicated by the vowel shift that occurs when Greek words (particularly verbs) are inflected.
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Charles Bishop, whose life work revolved around the study of -teos adjectives in Greek and cognate forms in other Indo-European languages, examines the specific role of such adjectives in the plays of Sophocles.
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In this well-known piece, Hale questions the rule of sequence of tense in Latin subjunctive clauses which is still used to teach Latin grammar, but fails to correspond to the language as it was used by the Romans themselves.
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Edward Hopkins here addresses and debunks the color theory, which assumes that ancient peoples were unable to perceive shades of green and blue because they lack vocabulary parallel to our own words for color.
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One of the few scholars of biblical languages to reach so far into the cultural world of antiquity, de Lagarde here offers a brief contribution to the study of Bactrian lexicography. This brief study grew out of the author’s long-standing appreciation for the related Persian languages and literature. While not a full-fledged dictionary, de Lagarde here provides discussions of over one hundred words, some of them offered in considerable detail. For the linguist interested in the history of the study of this particular language, this handbook will prove an invaluable tool.
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A discussion of the Gortyn law code, one of the earliest known in the Greek world. This is an edition, translation and commentary on the Gortyn law code with introduction.
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The continuing developments in Islam since Wismar’s time make this book as relevant today as it was when it was published. The question explored here is what the approach of Islam is towards religious tolerance. To get at the answer, Wismar went back to the Quran and the practice of Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar Ibn al-Khattab, the first two Caliphs, in order to determine what the primary sources taught on the issue.
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Considering both the Assyrian and biblical sources for the description of Sennacherib’s devastating invasion on Palestine, Honor tests the records to see if he can develop an historical account. He makes use of the Annals of Sennacherib and the biblical books of 2 Kings, 2 Chronicle, and Isaiah.
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Concerned that many in his day did not understand basic Muslim teaching led Shukri to produce this brief monograph. In it he explores the various schools of Islamic jurisprudence and the teachings concerning the legal issues of marriage and divorce, including the topic of the equalities of the partners.
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Written in the scholarly Latin of his day, Lagarde considers in this brief study the questions Jerome raises on the Hebrew of the book of Genesis. In an abridged commentary form, Lagarde follows the questions in the order in which the book of Genesis presents the material. Beginning with the creation, Lagarde skips along to the phrases of Jerome’s text that raise questions and provides his insights about them. Presuming that the reader of the Vulgate will understand the Latin of the original, the comments on the material are likewise written in Latin.
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Noted American philosopher Albert Balz offers his observations on the concepts of idea and essence as reflected in the philosophers Hobbes and Spinoza.
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When educator William Rabenort looked at Spinoza he saw an educator. This little book on educational theory is built on the thought of Spinoza.
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In this paper noted librarian, scholar, and philanthropist William Warner Bishop examines and classifies the existing church mosaics of Rome and the immediate vicinity.
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The second of Carl Blegen's reports on the excavation of Troy for the American Journal of Archeology detailing a small residential area.
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The original site report detailing the discovery and first excavations at the Minoan settlement on Mochlos, Crete.
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In this article, the famous Assyriologist William Ward discusses the gods of the Hittites as the appear in in art as well as foreign deities who commonly appear alongside them.
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In this paper Margaret Waits offers an explanation for the pervasive and enigmatic symbol of the double-axe in Mycenaean culture with special reference to the religions of Greece and Asia Minor
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This paper discusses the literary and physical evidence for the Lenaeum (the sacred precinct of Dionysios in Athens), a site whose location was lost.
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Kate Elderkin presents an enjoyable overview not only of the nature of children's dolls in Antiquity, but the customs surrounding their use and subsequent dedication when the owner reached adulthood.
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This paper presents a thorough review of the physical remains and excavation history of the Athenian Acropolis from the Bronze Age to the early 20th Century.
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William Newbold deciphers inscriptions found under the soot and lava of Vesuvius in which Aramaic speakers used Greek and Latin letters to render their native tongue, occasionally in a mixture of Aramaic and Latin.
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This is the site report from the first excavation of two key areas in Corinth, the theater district and the tombs.
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This paper discusses the tales of Heracles as told in vase-paintings, which often represent earlier or more popular versions of the stories than those preserved in upper-class literature.
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William Dinsmoor uses the remains of the Archaic Parthenon to suggest a date for its construction.
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This series of papers presents a thorough and enlightening overview of the nature of the Erechtheion's remains, its history of renovation and destruction, and the purposes to which it may have been put.
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This article published objects housed in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston believed to represent the complete equipment of a tomb at Chiusi.
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In this paper de Waele gives the excavation report for a medium-sized Asklepeion near the northern border of the Corinthian demos, providing a perspective on the smaller local temples of Asklepios.
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Site report of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (ASCSA) detailing the major finds and excavation of the Attic deme of Ikaria in Athens.
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This paper shows the process by which the statue-group of Daochos in Delphi was reconstructed and discusses its position within the immediate area of its installation.
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In this paper Everett reconstructs his professional life and activities of Antoniazzo Romano and suggests a list of works by the artist, a task made difficult by his stylistic resemblance to other painters of the time.
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This is the site report for a series of tombs in Cyprus dating from the Late Cypriot III period, and includes a wealth of information about the burial customs, tomb-shafts, and goods of entire Cypriot tombs.
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Earnest DeWald traces the development of the iconography of the Ascension from its earliest type through to the Gothic form, showing the manner in which the Eastern influence modified the types current in western art.
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Arthur Frothingham, a father of the discipline of Art History, here lists and categorizes the form and development of the Roman triumphal arch.
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Gorham Phillips Stevens argues that the East wall had windows by which the inner cella was lit. This extra lighting suggests the use of the space as a sacred art gallery as well as a shrine.
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William Dinsmoor, one of the experts who directed the first reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis, here sets out the process by which he was able to piece the gables of the Propylaia together from surviving fragments.
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In this dissertation Dennison links the text of Suetonius to surviving epigraphical texts. This piece includes texts and commentaries and is an invaluable article for any study of Suetonius, particularly in a classroom setting.
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In this piece Mary Gilmore Williams uses literary and epigraphic evidence to reconstruct a portrait of two key women of the second century AD, Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Cara-calla, and her niece Julia Mamaea.
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In this ambitious article Eisen creates a chronology of eye beads (glass beads decorated with eye-like spots) from sites in Europe, the Near East, and North Africa.
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Esther van Deman reconstructs the structure of the Neronian Via Sacra (one of the arterial roads leading through the Roman Forum), which was refurbished during his reign with colonnades.
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This article provides transcription, text, and commentary on the Latin inscriptions known in Corinth in 1918 and provides a useful tool for understanding the civic life of Corinth under Roman control.
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Dennison suggest that the 'Scipio type' Roman portrait bust, once thought to represent Scipio the elder, actually depicts priests of Isis, whose cult rose to prominence at the time these busts were carved.
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This is the site report from the excavation of the kerameikos in Corinth and represents a continuation of the report from the 1929 season, which began the excavation.
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Benjamin Meritt, renowned scholar of Greek epigraphy, provides transcription, text, and commentary on the surviving lists of tribute paid to Athens under the Delian league.
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Minton Warren illuminates the process by which he and other editors navigate the very difficult task of editing the plays of Terrence from manuscript to edition.
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Esther van Deman, an important historian of architecture, shows the methodology by which building chronology was set for Roman concrete buildings,
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Ancient Locris stretched from Thermopylae to Larymna and was home to the Locrians. In this ariticle Oldfather presents a survey of the sites and topography of this important region of Greece.
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Powell gives a listing of surviving inscriptions from his excavations in Corinth with illustrations, text, and commentary that includes nine inscriptions that likely predate Julius Caesar's rebuilding of the city in 46 BC.
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Richardson and Hertz present opposing viewpoints for the origin of iron working in the transition from Bronze Age to Iron, one arguing a European origin and the other a Near Eastern/ Egyptian.
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McMurtry's original site report on the excavation of the Theater of Sikyon near Corinth. Sikyon (or Sicyon) boasts a well preserved Greek theater whose excavation illuminates the structures which supported Greek drama.
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The fourth of Carl Blegen's reports on the excavation of Troy for the American Journal of Archeology concentrating on the Trojan acropolis.
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In this paper Houghton addresses two problematic Italian Renaissance sculptures whose artists are unknown, the portrait bust of a youth and that of a Roman emperor.
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In this series, A. J. Frothingham Jr. reviews previously unstudied papal buildings, suggesting new members of the schools of Laurentius and Paulus and linking specific artists to various buildings.
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Arthur Kingsley Porter here traces the roots of Renaissance sculpture to the smaller decorative sculptures found on the outside of churches and other buildings beginning around the turn of the first millennium A.D.
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William Dinsmoor, one of the experts who directed the first reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis, here addresses the problem of the arrangement of the sculptures on the parapet of the temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis.
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This paper uses a group of inscribed pottery with datable references to fix a more certain chronology for such pottery in 3rd century BC Alexandria.
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A. L. Frothingham, one of the founding fathers of Art History as a discipline, answers the question “What is Art?”
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This paper reviews these competing theories of the definition of 'Gothic' and the way in which this style developed, presenting an overview of the difficulties involved in assigning a single name to a developing form of human expression
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In this paper John Bonnel argues that the representation of the serpent in Eden as having a human head originated in the mystery plays of the 13th century, where the serpent was played by an actor and had a head.
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Arthur Frothingham, one of the founding fathers of Art History, here discusses the problem of the Gorgon in ancient Greek art by arguing that Medusa represents a lost prehistoric goddess.
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In this article Shipley uses a parent and child manuscript of Livy to show how and why errors come into texts as they are copied and to suggest methods for recognizing such errors and correcting them.
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Survey of finds and literary sources documenting the cities of imperial Roman Phrygia's borderlands.
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Frothingham presents an ambitious overview of the development of orientation, or the directionality of sacrifice, prayer, and ritual, played a key role in ancient ceremonies, in the practice of ancient religions.
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In this article Harriet Boyd Hawes, groundbreaking archaeologist, nurse, and relief worker, suggests that the reliefs are the adornments of a couch-altar that stood in the sanctuary which Themistocles restored for the Lycomids at Phlya..
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This is the site report from the excavation of the North cemetery in Corinth and represents a continuation of the report from the 1929 season, which began the excavation.
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In this paper Waldstein suggests a rough dating scheme for artifacts dated to the period between the Mycenean and Archaic periods, moving from a Homer-centric system to one based on material culture.
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This paper presents a careful chronology of white lechythoi and demonstrates the methods by which pottery dating was established before modern equipment allowed carbon dating of organic residue.
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An article tracing the development of the Ionic column from Egyptian lotus motifs through Assyrian rosettes and Cypriot pottery motifs.
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This paper takes as its starting point the theory that Eskimos came to the Americas from Paleolithic Europe, then compares the artwork of both cultures to see if there are any similarities to support this hypothesis.
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In this paper Weller suggests the location, size, and form of the archaic building over which the Propyleia (the gateway building) now stands.
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This piece includes the text, translation, and commentary for a long inscription found on the temple of Artemis and shorter honorific inscriptions on cylindrical stelai found in the ancient city, all dating from the 4th century BC.
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Arthur Frothingham, one of the founding fathers of Art History, here discusses the problem of the Arch of Constantine, whose form and artwork is at odds with the artwork of the era of Constantine.
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The first of Carl Blegen's reports on the excavation of Troy for the American Journal of Archeology detailing a small residential area.
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In the tradition of Schliemann's search for Troy, Clarke uses literary and topographic data to suggest site locations for the ancient cities of Gargara, Lampascus, and Pionia in the Troad.
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Plataia (Plataea) is one of the key sites for Historians, Classicists, and Archaeologists with interest in Greek antiquity. This is the original site report for Plataia (Platea), including an edict of Diocletian, inscriptions, and description of the battlefield.
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Wagener and Ashby here give a report on the Roman remains at the site of Velitrae including roads, temples, basilica, and the amphitheater.
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An overview of the topographic, architectural, and epigraphical remains at Gortyna, a Roman-era city in Crete.
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Chase describes three tripods found in Etruscan tombs and discusses the extent to which they represent Etruscan adoption of Greek tripod-offering customs.
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Lester B. Holland, professor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, addresses the puzzle of Doric entablature, suggesting that the persistence of the form of the entablature is due to its mimicry of earlier fortifications.
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In this site report Armstrong presents the surviving evidence for both the Volscian remains and the subsequent Roman settlement including sections on the inscriptions, site topography and history, and plans.
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This paper attempts to reconcile Pausanias' description of the topography of Sparta with the first archeological digs in Sparta, a notoriously difficult site to interpret.
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This site report presents a Mycenean palace found at Nippur (a city in the heart of ancient Babylon) with a floor-plan and style similar to the palace at Tiryns.
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In this article Cooley argues that the location of the rebuilt temple of Athena Polias was separate from the Erechtheion, and provides a table of literary citations concerning the temple and its precint.
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This includes text and commentaries of the inscriptions from Sinope, capital of ancient Pontus and hub of Greek and Persian civilization.
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William Dinsmoor, the famous historian of Greek architecture, presents the epigraphical evidence for this building process in this series of papers divided by individual building.
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Porter explains the sudden appearance of Romanesque sculpture in the 12th century AD by suggesting an origin in the sculpture of Lombardy.
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David Robinson, the first to excavate the ancient city of Olynthos, presents his second report on the site and his excavations.
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Edward Capps addresses the problem of the movement of the dramatic chorus from its position in the orchestra during the 5th century BC to its elevated position above the actors in Vitruvius.
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In this paper William Dinsmoor, a historian of architecture and one of the scholars involved in the rebuilding of the Acropolis in the early 20th century, here uses a variety of evidence to set a date for this burning.
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This series of papers shows that a group of monuments erected by the French Cistercian monks, and here for the first time fully described and illustrated, were the earliest Italian buildings using transitional-Gothic architecture.
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The fifth of Carl Blegen's reports on the excavation of Troy for the American Journal of Archeology concentrating on detailed study of artifacts and finds on the citadel.
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The site report for the University of Pennsylvania's excavation of Nippur in Iraq. The detailed excavation report includes photographs, diagrams, and topographical map.
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David Robinson, the first to excavate the ancient city of Olynthos, presents his first report on the site and his excavations.
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Arthur Frothingham, one of the founding fathers of Art History, here discusses the origins of Hermes, and suggests that the prototype of Hermes was an Eastern deity of Babylonian extraction.
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Dinsmoor suggests a reconstruction of the fragmented Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, one of the wonders of the ancient world and a model for several modern monuments.
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Luca della Robbia was a Florentine sculptor who is currently thought to have lived from 1400-1482. In this article Alan Marquand suggests a chronology for the Madonnas sculpted by Luca della Robbia.
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Ida Thallon dates the work of Demophon, a famous sculptor whose surviving work is now agreed to be an example of innovative second-century BC Greek art.
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This site report details the finding of a complicated site in the city of Corinth where a series of Stoai and temples were built over the course of many years.
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The third of Carl Blegen's reports on the excavation of Troy for the American Journal of Archeology concentrating on a large house continuously occupied in some capacity from Troy I – VII.
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Billheimer uses surviving amended Athenian decrees to reverse-engineer the legislative process that may have produced them, and the subsequent steps that intervened between the voting and promulgation of an amendment.
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A. J. Frothingham discusses Byzantine influences in the art and architecture of medieval Rome, bringing to light the influence of Byzantium on Italy beyond the fall of the Western empire.
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The Ludovisi throne is a famous works of early Classical sculpture, a white marble chair covered with bas relief. This article compares the Ludovisi throne to a similar piece in Boston, arguing that the two works are companion pieces.
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This paper presents the very few surviving inscriptions from this period before Mummius' sack of Corinth and includes some of the few Greek decrees known at the time of the writing of the paper.
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Esther van Deman addresses the location of the house of Caligula which is mentioned in literature but not readily apparent to excavators, can be found at the Northwest corner of the Palatine.
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In this paper Elderkin gives a detailed description of the remains of the Fountain of Glauce in Corinth and the engineering methods used in its construction.
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Holland uses sculpture to suggest that these ornaments were meant to be worn in womens' headdresses as a development from feathered crowns worn in earlier times and possibly connected to the iconography of the sphinx.
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The perennial source in English on the work of Wilhelm Gesenius, Miller’s monograph was one of the first to attempt such a study. In the years since its publication, Miller’s book has yet to be superseded. He also provides information on the editors of Gesenius’s material, Franz Dietrich, F. Muehlau, W. Volck, and Frants Buhl.
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The epistemology of the mid-fourth-century Christian scholar in Persia, Aphrahat, presumes that the human mind and the task of biblical interpretation are caught up in a dynamic experience of Christian spiritual transformation. In short, for the Persian Sage, good Bible interpretation requires nothing less than the total person—inner and outer, in community and before God. In Aphrahat’s Demonstrations, we encounter a scholar who not only presents this remarkably integrated set of ideals but is also an impressive practitioner of them.
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The Christian era in Syriac and Arabic sources does not always correspond with the western calculations. Until quite recently the members of the Syriac churches used the era of the Seleucids (of Alexander the Great; East and West Syrians) as the era of the creation of Adam (Melkites). The use of the Christian era became more common from the 16th century, due to the closer contacts between the Oriental and the Latin churches.
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Scholarly study of the transmission of Aristotelian philosophy from Greek late antiquity to medieval Islam is to some extent still influenced by the account in Ibn Abī Uṣaibi‛a attributed to al-Fārābī, which served as the basis for Max Meyerhof’s famous essay Von Alexandrien nach Bagdad. The present work, utilising evidence unknown to Meyerhof and still often neglected in more recent scholarship, argues that such a restriction never represented the whole Syriac tradition, but reflects an alternative logical curriculum with deep roots in the ancient world, while Syriac writers who were proficient in Greek adhered throughout to the other strand of this two-strand tradition, that of the full Organon.
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Christianity reached China in its Syriac guise in the seventh century. Christian documents written in Chinese which have come down to us from the period of the Tang Dynasty contain a large number of proper names which are, or appear to be, transcriptions of Syriac names. In this paper, originally published in Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone: Studies in Honor of Sebastian P. Brock, the author provides a list of the transcribed proper names with their modern and reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations, together with the suggestions made by scholars in the past for the original forms of these names.
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Now a fixture in Sumerian studies, Nesbit’s initial publication of thirty tablets from Drehem is deceptively pedestrian at first glance. As the author demonstrates, a close look at these texts reveals invaluable information on the religious and social life of everyday Sumerians.
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Exploring the important but complex historical period following the rule of Cleisthenes in Athens, Bates provides a handy reference for the tribes that emerged from this early experiment in democracy. The tribes of Antigonis, Demetrias, Ptolemais, Attalis, and Hadrianis are all considered, along with the families (demes) that made up each tribe.
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Suggesting that the Semitic root may be, at least subconsciously, biliteral, Hurwitz launches into a study of this phenomenon. Discussing linguistic phenomena such as pluriliteral forms, root-differentiation, and folk-etymologies, this little study covers significant ground for understanding the underlying structure of biblical Hebrew.
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Copiously illustrated, this set of three lectures on the Hittites of southern Anatolia is a valuable introduction to the sites of Zenjirli, Sakjegeuzi, and Carchemish. Chosen because of the importance of southern Anatolia to the biblical record, these locations are explained from an archaeologist’s viewpoint and presented in an easily readable format.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the fifth lecture explores Bardaisan and his unique contribution to Syriac Christianity.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the St. James Liturgy, both the Greek and Syriac renditions. Representing the liturgy of the Patriarchate of Antioch, this liturgy is rendered in Greek and Latin. As an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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Extracted from Arthur Penrhyn Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, this set of lectures examines two of the most famous participants of the Council of Nicea, the Emperor Constantine and Saint Athanasius. Together these two figures largely define the Council of Nicea, and their portraits are vividly portrayed here by an eminent church historian.
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Extracted from Arthur Penrhyn Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, this initial essay lays out his general perceptions of the Eastern Church. He considers the divisions of the church, the historical epochs into which it falls, and the general characteristics and the advantage of studying them.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the Armenian liturgy. With a beginning in the early fourth century, in connection with the Exarchate of Caesarea, this liturgy is presented in English. As an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the sixth lecture examines the ancient Syriac novel, The Acts of Judas Thomas. Embedded within that story is a Gnostic Hymn of the Soul, to which Burkitt pays special regard.
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This study seeks to address the common bridal imagery pervasive in ancient Syriac Christianity by asking how Jacob of Serug employed the presentation of biblical women in his homilies to serve as imagery for the Church.
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In this second lecture extracted from Sayce’s Origin and Growth of Religion, the renowned Assyriologist specifically considers the Babylonian deity Bel-Merodach. Noting that Cyrus the Great was a worshipper of this deity, the outlook of the priesthood of Bel-Merodach regarding his conquest of Babylon begins the discussion. Sayce then discusses localized versions of Merodach, considering Eridu, Borsippa, and Assur.
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This fifth extract from Sayce’s Origin and Growth of Religion, the topic turns to the “sacred books” of the Babylonians. Beginning with the “Chaldean Rig-Veda,” collections of hymns identified from the earliest days of Assyriology, Sayce also considers the earlier, less developed magical texts. Future considerations – sin, the status of heaven and Hades, and cosmology finish out the essay.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the Coptic liturgy. The origin of the liturgy goes back to the St. Cyril and St. Basil liturgies. Here the liturgy is presented in Latin. As an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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As the introductory lecture to his collection of observations on ancient religion, Sayce begins this extract with a consideration of the difficulties of knowing what can be deduced from ancient Mesopotamian religion. Extracted from Sayce’s Origin and Growth of Religion, this booklet will be of interest to those who research the early period of the field of Assyriology in order to learn where various concepts about Mesopotamian religious life have their genesis.
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Extracted from Arthur Penrhyn Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, this set of lectures covers the Russian Church. Stanley begins with the conversion of Russia and moves through the Middle Ages and concentrates on Patriarch Nicon and the reformations in the church under Peter the Great.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the Liturgy of Constantinople. As Hammond explains, this liturgy contains elements of the St. Basil, St. Chrysostom, and Presanctified liturgies presented in Greek. As an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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Extracted from Arthur Penrhyn Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, this set of lectures focuses on the Council of Nicea. Divided into four separate lectures, it begins with a detailed general overview, the contents and participants of the council, a consideration of its opening and the final results of its closing.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the Clementine Liturgy, an important early liturgy, apparently known even to Justin Martyr. Rendered in Greek and with an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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Extracted from Arthur Penrhyn Stanley’s Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, this introduction to ecclesiastical history is a tribute to the insight of a former professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford. Stanley’s introduction covers three main areas: the province of ecclesiastical history, the study of ecclesiastical history, and the advantages of such study.
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C. E. Hammond's Antient Liturgies provided a valuable resource at an early stage in comparative liturgical studies. Free of extensive critical apparatus, Antient Liturgies presents a collection of historic forms of worship from the Western, Eastern, and Oriental Churches. This extract from the book focuses on the Ethiopic liturgy, here the liturgy is presented in Latin. As an analytical introduction this early study continues to provide a broad overview of early Christian worship made available in an accessible and convenient format for students and scholars.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the fourth lecture concerns the development of marriage and the role of sacraments in the early Syriac Church. Burkitt finds that marriage was not early regarded as a sacrament and the married faithful were not permitted the sacraments of baptism or communion in the early tradition represented by Aphraates.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the third lecture concerns the theology of Eastern Christianity. Burkitt provides a brief survey of the work of Aphraates, Philoxenus of Mabbug, Ephraim the Syrian, and Rabbula.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the first lecture concerns the early bishops of Edessa. Starting from the basic difference between Eastern and Western Christian outlooks, Burkitt briefly sketches the early history of documented Edessa. Christianity appeared in the city between its sacking by the Romans and its incorporation into the Roman Empire around the start of the third century A.D.
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Originally delivered as one of the St. Margaret’s Lectures for 1904, the contents of this booklet are focused on aspects of the Syriac-speaking Church. Extracted from Burkitt’s book Early Eastern Christianity, the second lecture proposes a theory of how the Syriac Bible was compiled. Burkitt considers the role of the Peshitta, the Diatessaron, and the four Gospels and how their history at Edessa suggests that the Syriac Bible appeared.
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This article contributes to the knowledge of Jacob of Edessa’s (d. 708) Old Testament revision by editing twenty texts (a total of 80 verses) from the Book of Isaiah and comparing them with the Greek recensions of the Septuagint, with the Peshitta, and the Syrohexapla. Two special features are introduced to set out Jacob’s revision technique in some detail: 1. comparison with an earlier undeveloped stage of Jacob’s revision extant in Ms Add 17,134 of the British Library; and 2. the distinction (by different colours and fonts) of the ‘traditions’ involved in the definite stage of his revision. Both features point to the emphasis given to the Peshitta in translating the substantial Greek text of the Old Testament.
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Originally published in two small volumes of Semitic ephemera written in German, this collection of observations of Paul de Lagarde still contains his cogent insights into the world of Semitic linguistics. Critical remarks on the book of Isaiah introduce his characteristic detail on a number of verses in the prophetic book. The second selection concerns the clarification of Akkadian (Chaldean) words occurring in the Hebrew Bible. In the second major section of the work, de Lagarde presents the leaves of the Septuagint of Codex Sarravianus found in Paris. This annotated Greek material comes from the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers.
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A translator of Aristotle and friend of Jacob of Edessa and Athanasios of Balad, George, Bishop of the Arab Tribes (d. AD 724) was an important figure in the history of the life and thought of the Syrian Orthodox Church. This article offers a study of the first three of George’s eleven extant letters and relates them to the larger Christian and Islamic context of his day. It will be of interest to students of Greek patristics, Syriac Christianity, and early Islamic history.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This ninth lecture in the series concerns itself with the non-canonical, or apocryphal gospels. Written before the discovery of the Nag-Hammadi library, this study considers the Testamentum Domini, Pistis Sophia, the Gospel and Apocalypse of St. Peter, the Protevangelium of James, the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel According to the Hebrews, and the Oxyrhynchus Logia..
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This eighth lecture in the series addresses Marcion. Burkitt focuses on how this early Christian thinker remained ahead of his time while also falling out of the mainstream of what was an emerging Christianity.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This fifth lecture in the series examines the concept of gospel in Matthew and Luke. Burkitt notes the special emphases and concerns of these two Gospel writers, calling attention to how they differ from each other and also from Mark.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This seventh lecture in the series traces the origin of the authoritative four-fold Gospels to about 150 of the Common Era when they are amply attested together. Positing a three-stage evolution to the canonical Gospels, Burkitt notes that other Gospels did not measure up to the same standard.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This sixth lecture in the series turns to the Gospel of John. Burkitt addresses the enduring questions of authorship and historicity, comparing the Gospel of John to the Synoptics, Philo, the Gnostics, and the Stoics.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This second lecture in the series addresses the historical value of the Gospel of Mark. Here Burkitt considers the historical questions of how accurately Mark may portray his limited life of Jesus.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This third lecture in the series addresses the composition and literary characteristics of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
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Originally delivered as one of the Jowett Lectures for 1906, the contents of this booklet emerged during the first quest for the historical Jesus. Somewhat surprisingly, Burkitt discovered that historical criticism increased the historical credibility of the Synoptic Gospels in his estimation. This first lecture in the series addresses the literary originality of the Gospel of Mark. Here Burkitt surveys the priority of Mark, the shared Synoptic material, and the literarily unique sections of Mark.
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Originally the fifth in a series of five lectures delivered at Harvard University, this extract is an early attempt to tackle a formidable subject: the religion of ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia. In this last essay of the set, Rogers focus on the mythic tradition of Mesopotamia, discussing the myths of Adapa, Ishtar’s descent to the netherworld, and the Gilgamesh epic, especially concentrating on the deluge account. Engaging and informative, Rogers’ narrative is accessible to the specialist and general reader alike.
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Originally the third in a series of five lectures delivered at Harvard University, this extract is an early attempt to tackle a formidable subject: the religion of ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia. In this essay Rogers considers the great cosmologies of ancient Mesopotamia. In an easy narrative style, he recounts the discovery of the Enuma Elish and providing a brief summary of its contents. He makes a comparison of this cosmology with those of Genesis, demonstrating the interconnectedness of the ancient world of western Asia. Engaging and informative, Rogers’ narrative is accessible to the specialist and general reader alike.
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Originally the fourth in a series of five lectures delivered at Harvard University, this extract is an early attempt to tackle a formidable subject: the religion of ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia. Noting that sacred writings are nearly universal among religions, Rogers offers a brief exposition on the sacred writings of the ancient Mesopotamians. Engaging and informative, Rogers’ narrative is accessible to the specialist and general reader alike.
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Originally the first in a series of five lectures delivered at Harvard University, this extract is an early attempt to tackle a formidable subject: the religion of ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia. Rogers begins this exploration with a summary of the rediscovery of the religions of Babylonia and Assyria. Step by step he rehearses the rediscovery and recovery of ancient Babylon and Nineveh. Engaging and informative, Rogers’ narrative is accessible to the specialist and general reader alike.
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Originally the second in a series of five lectures delivered at Harvard University, this extract is an early attempt to tackle a formidable subject: the religion of ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia. Rogers introduces the reader to Sumer and Babylonia, noting the early kings and their deities. This essay then engages in an historical rendering of the gods of the dominant cities of Babylonia and Assyria. Engaging and informative, Rogers’ narrative is accessible to the specialist and general reader alike.
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In his classic introduction to Byzantine Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Byzantine rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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In his classic introduction to Eastern Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Ethiopic rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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As the oldest organized religion in Sassanian Iraq, Judaism serves as a kind of model for other religious organizations in the region. After considering the growth of Judaism in Iraq during the Sassanian period, Morony notes the connections between the Jewish and Aramaean populations as well as the intermixed ethnic communities in which Jews played a part. Social, administrative, and religious issues are all considered. Messianic expectations as they continued to develop in the Jewish community in diaspora round out this discussion of Judaism as a fully developed religion in Iraq under Islamic rule.
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In his classic introduction to Byzantine Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Chaldean rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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This brief introduction to the state of Christianity in Iraq during the ascendancy of Islam begins with a discussion of the friction between Christians and Magians. The political role of the church among the Sassanians, both internally and externally, is addressed. With the Islamic conquest various traditions circulated regarding the tolerance of Christianity within Muslim jurisdiction. Morony skillfully navigates these traditions, providing a plausible historical view. The formation of the Assyrian Church of the East’s doctrine and identity as well as their schools, monasteries, laws, and their sense of community and separateness are considered. The contrast with Monophysites with their “Nestorian” competitors rounds out the discussion.
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In his classic introduction to Eastern Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Syrian rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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In his classic introduction to Armenian Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Ethiopic rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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In his classic introduction to Byzantine Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Syro-Malabar rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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In his classic introduction to Eastern Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the Maronite rite is considered. The rite is described and given a context in the setting of its native church.
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In his classic introduction to Eastern Orthodox liturgies, King examines the liturgies of the Oriental Orthodox churches. In this volume the introductory material to his work is presented. The various Oriental Churches are described in this introduction.
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This extract from Michael G. Morony’s Iraq After The Muslim Conquest presents a brief yet through presentation of the complex language and political history of the Aramaeans of that region. The interaction of the Aramaeans and the Arabs during the period of the Islamic conquest is sketched out, citing the important families and individuals that stand out in this situation. The somewhat uneasy mutual relationship between the Arabs and Aramaeans is briefly explored.
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This reprint of Sukenik’s article “The Earliest Records of Christianity” is presented as the first volume of Gorgias Press’s Analecta Gorgiana series with a new introduction by George Anton Kiraz. This fully illustrated archaeological abstract is sure to be of interest to readers concerned with the archaeology of the area around Jerusalem, as well as those interested in early artifacts of Christianity.
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In this time of intense apocalyptic interests, Burkitt’s study of extra-biblical apocalypses will shed some light. Burkitt is known for his work in early Christianity, and he is well-equipped to deal with this difficult issue. These Schweich Lectures of 1913 address the book of Enoch, minor Jewish and early Christian apocalypses, especially the Ascension of Isaiah.
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Presenting an original translation with introduction and commentary as well as an edited Hebrew text along with critical notes, this is an excellent resource for the study of the book of Nahum, both for the layperson and the scholar.
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Appended to this thesis is a short work, which stood in place of a proposed work on the precise topic of Stevens’ thesis. The shorter piece, by Professor Paul Haupt focuses specifically on Psalm 130.
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Offering a comprehensive study of the history of the recensions of the Hebrew Bible down to the author’s day, this essay provides the reader with a veritable genealogy of the different versions of the Hebrew Scriptures.
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This essay provides a detailed description of each manuscript the author acquired during this sojourn among the Jews of Persia. A discussion of the rituals of the Jewish people which the author met offers great insight into their liturgical life.
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This work is a compilation of two articles by Professor Haupt on the book of Micah. Together, these articles provide an excellent resource for the study of the book of Micah, both for the layperson and the scholar.
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Professor Baum provides the reader with an in depth study of the Life of Judas the Betrayer, which obviously mirrors the story of Oedipus, and its various recensions, as well as a study of the English ballad of Judas Iscariot.
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This essay takes a text critical approach to the comparison between the Septuagint and Massoretic texts of Hosea. Its reproduction seems timely as Septuagint studies have seen increased interest in recent times.
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The three essays in this volume address the physical, historical and literary features of what were at the time two of the very earliest clearly datable manuscripts of the Pentateuch known to exist.
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In this stellar study of what the works of select patristic authors (Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Eusebius Ephraem, and Jerome) reveal about the Aggadah, Samuel Krauss offers an insightful and provocative reading of the sources.
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This work is a compilation of three articles by Professor Haupt on the Book of Canticles, also known as the Song of Songs. It is an excellent resource for study, both for the layperson and the scholar.
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Zeitlin’s masterful work supplies the Megillat Taanit’s text and a translation as well as a deft reading of this source’s utility for the history of the Jews from the Maccabees to the Great Revolt.
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This work focuses on the literary and textual concerns of the Georgian and Armenian recensions of the Barlaam and Josaphat legend, and provides translations of all that remains of the Georgian text and the relevant Armenian parallels.
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This work is an excellent, concise history of the development of the Zoroastrian religion. Special attention is given to the historical development of the religion from monotheism to a dualistic system, with particular emphasis on ethical and eschatological teachings.
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This piece provides an introduction, translation and commentary to a previously unstudied lectionary text, which provides deeper insight into early liturgical practice and the conception of the canon; and includes an index of the lessons according to books of Scripture.
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The role of medieval Syriac scholars in the translation, and thus preservation, of classical literature cannot be underestimated. Gottheil provides all of the extant Syriac texts of the translation of Aristotle’s Categories, and a brief introduction.
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A philological study of the usage of Memra, Shekinah, and Metatron in Tragumic and Cabbalistic literature that combats nineteenth century Christian attempts to read these as references to the Second or Third Persons of the Trinity.
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This book provides the Syriac text along with a translation of the tale of Euphemia and the martyrs’ deliverance of her from the Goth.
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In this book the Syriac texts along with translations of the tales of the martyrs are introduced by Professor Burkitt with a commentary focusing on the historicity of the different accounts.
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This work provides the Syriac text, with a German introduction and translation, of John Bar Shushan’s treatise attacking the Melkite tradition, upholding the Creed of Faith, defending the Syrian Orthodox preparation of the Eucharist, and criticizing Armenian Church practices.
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This title explores the implications of the Descent of Christ in the twenty-third Ode in regards to astrology and Gnostic thought and supports the thesis of the author’s earlier work that the Odes emerged from a Judaeo-Christian, Mesopotamian setting.
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Geroge Foot Moore’s Christian Writers on Judaism is a fundamental work which majestically traverses nineteen centuries of Christian literature regarding the Jews. This work is indispensable to the student of Jewish-Christian dialogue.
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This study explores the Emperor Julian's actions in regards to the Jews, especially his advances toward rebuilding the Jewish Temple. It offers the reader an insight into an aspect of Julian’s reign not often examined by Christian historians.
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Al-Ghazzali’s contributions to Muslim theology cannot be overestimated and Professor MacDonald brings to life the thoughts and experiences of this medieval theologian, philosopher, and mystic, with special attention to his religious experiences and opinions.
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Herein a 13th century Alexandrian Jewish convert to Islam records his understanding of the truth of Islam over Judaism. Dr. Sidney A. Weston edits, translates and comments on this text making it accessible to the scholar and enthusiast alike.
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Casey’s survey reveals not only his adept insights into Clement’s thought but also the great breadth of his knowledge of the Greek philosophers and the early Jewish and Christian theologians in the Roman Empire.
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The Book of the Pupils of the Eye is Bar Hebraeus’s introduction to Aristotle’s Organon. This volume makes the Sryiac text available to the interested scholar or student.
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Reviewing the relevant Jewish and Christian literature the author demonstrates that though there is no mandate for ascetic practice within early Judaism, there is a deep respect there for an ascetic way of life.
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This work is concerned primarily with the treatment of the demonic within early Christian literature, but also incorporates evidence from various other world religions, especially early Judaism and paganism.
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This work provides a summary, short author biography, and reference to editions or translations of all the works of Armenian provenance known to the author. It concludes with works of Greek Church Fathers and secular literature preserved in Armenian.
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Epiphanius, the great fourth century heresiographer, included in his discussion of the Valentinians an excerpt from a manuscript, of which Newbold here provides the Greek text and the Syriac original, along with his translation, textual notes and commentary.
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Textual evidence regarding the ancient Near Eastern goddess Ishtar is carefully cataloged, transliterated and translated. This is a great resource for anyone interested in the languages and religions of the ancient Near East or Biblical Literature.
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An excellent translation follows a critical essay, which argues that the Christian elements of the text do not point to a Christian author, but rather indicate that this work is a Christian recension of a Graeco-Jewish original.
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A compelling discussion of the origins and authorship of the Odes of Solomon, this work provides great insight into the person of Bar Daysan as well as the research surrounding the text of the Odes of Solomon.
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Selected from the essays of the influential volume “The Legacy of Israel,” the three contributions in this volume explore early and later Jewish influence on Christianity. Written by F. C. Burkitt, A. Meillet, and L. Magnus, the articles consider the patristic period and modern European literary usage of Hebrew scripture and tradition.
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Vanderburgh’s noted study of the Sumerian hymns to Bel, Sin, Adad, and Tammuz in the British Museum is an excellent example of one of the early attempts to grapple with the difficulties of the Sumerian language. Each hymn is presented in transliteration and translation, and these are accompanied by the author’s own commentary.
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Zandstra focuses specifically on the text of the prophetic book of Zephaniah. Comparing the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, and the Greek Septuagint, against the original Hebrew of the text he concludes that these versions are interdependent. Zandstra also considers the variants between these primary witnesses and the Masoretic Text.
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Rackham publishes here a critical edition of the Canons of the Council of Ancyra (314). In his comments on the text he evaluates the manuscripts available for this edition and provides the Syriac and Armenian versions for comparative purposes.
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The Acts of Pilate is an apocryphal document of uncertain date. Conybeare offers an introduction to and a critical edition of this text based on a Greek recension compared with two Armenian versions.
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A critical edition of the Syriac Testament of St. Ephrem, along with a French translation and notes, secure Duval’s study a place in the literature concerning this document. This historic study provides a translation in accessible French along with the necessary critical apparatus for scholars.
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Gwilliam organizes the sources available for a critical edition of the Peshitto New Testament. These sources include the major manuscripts, Syriac Massorah, and the Arabic and Persian versions. He addresses revisions of the Peshitto New Testament and how the materials cited might be used for a critical edition of the Peshitto.
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The classic hagiography of Saint George is presented here by E. W. Brooks. He gives a critical edition of the Syriac accompanied by an annotated English translation of the Acts. The “Acts of Saint George” stands in the tradition of early Christian devotional and historical records, and is a standard source for information about this formative saint.
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This essay by Gwilliam explores the vital role of the Syriac Peshitta for textual criticism of the New Testament. While maintaining the priority of the Greek, Gwilliam explores connections and disagreements between the Syriac and the traditional text. An apology for the Peshitto and problems associated with it are openly discussed.
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A thorough analysis of St. Cyprian’s writing style and use of language, this study is invaluable for the student of the saint. Comparison with contemporary writers and careful attention to grammatical and linguistic elements mark this useful study of an important figure of early Christianity.
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White takes the reader through a historical puzzle revolving around the date of the Vulgate manuscript Codex Amiatinus. He demonstrates that the manuscript falls in the eighth century and traces its origins to Italy.
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This essay grapples with the question of theodicy as represented by the Ante-Nicene writers Lactantius and the writer of the Pseudo-Clementine literature. Bussell’s dialogue with these sources points to the role human responsibility plays in the origin of evil.
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Gwilliam presents a critical edition of the letter of Eusebius to Carpianus, as well as a Latin translation. Essays concerning this important epistle addressing the harmonization of the Gospels provides a valuable early insight into the Synoptic Problem.
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Ramsay makes a strong case for the southern location of the Galatia mentioned in the New Testament. Using several streams of evidence, Ramsay makes a forceful case for the South-Galatian theory.
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This Syriac edition with English translation is the historic first printing of such an edition of the manuscript available to European scholars. The unusual nature of Syriac monks translating the work of the Greek heathen Plutarch give this document inherent historical value.
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Among the most important chronological questions of Christianity in the second century is the date of St. Polycarp’s martyrdom. Turner scours the evidence to determine a precise date, based on comparison between the Roman and Asiatic calendars and other historical references. This dating in turn helps to date Irenaeus and St. John.
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The vexing question called the Synoptic Problem has long interested New Testament scholars. Woods weighs in on this question providing evidence for Mark’s priority based on the use of language in the Gospels.
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A rare glimpse into the wealth of manuscripts held by the community of Mount Athos, this volume includes material from codices psi and Evang. 1071, and chapters from Acta Pilati, and a fragment of Acta Thomae. A catalogue and description of the manuscripts Lake viewed on his 1899 visit to Mount Athos and substantial introductions to each piece round out this useful study.
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This translation makes readily available the basic hagiography of St. Nino. Apart from her personal significance, St. Nino represents the important place that women held in the introduction of Christianity to Georgia. Text critical material is offered, and chapters 8 through 11 of the Armenian version are presented.
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Rogers examines what archaeology reveals for the early centuries of the church. From the period of persecution to that of the northern invasions, iconographic evidence for the performance of baptism is presented. Eastern and Western Church fonts are compared and evidence for baptism without a font is assessed. The question of immersion is considered.
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Discovered in 1933, a fragment of Tatian’s Diatessaron is published here with critical apparatus, a facsimile, and a transcription. The fragment, a discarded portion of a scroll with 14 surviving lines of text, was likely used in the worship of a third century C.E. chapel excavated at Dura Europos.
