Fragments of the Early Stoics
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Edited by:
Zeno of Citium (ca. 334/333–262/261 BCE), the founder of the Stoic school in Athens, substantially shaped the thought of subsequent generations of Hellenistic philosophers, both his followers and his opponents. Since he is one of the most renowned Stoic philosophers, alongside Chrysippus, a new edition of his numerous fragments is an indispensable tool for studying in depth the origins of Stoicism, including Zeno’s legacy in significant philosophers of the imperial age, such as Seneca and Epictetus.
This long-awaited new edition of Zeno’s fragments gathers all the testimonies that Hans von Arnim had already collected about 120 years ago, adds a significant number of new testimonies (based on a reassessment of Greek and Latin literature, new insights into the Herculaneum and Graeco-Egyptian papyri, as well as on Arabic and Syriac sources) and restructures their presentation by thematic and philosophical criteria. The sections on the Life and the Works of Zeno provide a detailed overview of the information dealing with his life, as well as with his vast literary output – in spite of the unfortunate loss of nearly all his work. Similarly, the reconstruction of Zeno’s philosophical doctrine is enhanced — within the tripartition of philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics — by the granularity of each section, divided into headings and sub-headings that identify single topics of philosophy.
In addition, this is the first collection of Stoic fragments to assemble the Arabic tradition of Zeno’s sayings, along with those transmitted in Greek and Latin sources. A rich apparatus of commentary notes accompanies the fragments and guides the reader through the current scholarly debates. This groundbreaking volume of Zeno’s fragments is intended as the definitive reference-work for both experts in ancient philosophy and non-experts. Its principal aim is to provide an easy and authoritative access to a revolutionary figure of Antiquity: a man at the crossroads of Phoenicia and Greece that shaped Western philosophy with the novelty of his doctrines.
Aristo of Chios, Herillus of Chalcedon, and Dionysius of Heraclea belong to the first generation of Stoic philosophers active after the death of Zeno of Citium. They represent some of the most distinctive voices of the early Stoa. Active mainly in the first half of the 3rd century BCE, they were direct pupils of Zeno and developed philosophical positions that diverged from what would later come to be regarded as Stoic ‘orthodoxy’. In Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers, they are grouped among the so-called ‘heterodox’ or ‘dissident’ Stoics (οἱ διενεχθέντες). Apollophanes of Antioch, for his part, does not figure among these ‘dissident’ Stoics, but belonged to the same early Stoic milieu and was a follower of Aristo of Chios. The reconstruction of the doctrines of all these Stoic thinkers is rendered particularly difficult by the extreme fragmentariness and indirect transmission of the surviving evidence, much of which consists of papyri – especially from Herculaneum – that are difficult to reconstruct. Their writings are entirely lost and survive only through scattered testimonies preserved in later sources, often mediated by polemical or doxographical agendas. The volume is accompanied by an extensive introduction, updated English translations, and a running commentary that addresses the principal interpretative and textual difficulties posed by the sources within the context of modern scholarly discussion. It aims to be accessible to non-specialists while remaining useful to scholars working on early Stoicism and Hellenistic philosophy. By bringing together these often neglected figures, the volume sheds new light on the internal diversity of the early Stoa and on the theoretical stakes of early Stoic debates. More broadly, it contributes to our understanding of the development of Hellenistic philosophy and restores to prominence philosophers whose doctrines played a decisive role in shaping the trajectory of Stoic thought and its enduring legacy.
Diogenes of Babylon, also known as Diogenes of Seleucia, was a pupil of Chrysippus and, after Zeno of Tarsus, the fifth head of the Stoic school in Athens, serving until his death, with Antipater of Tarsus and Panaetius among his students. The dates of his birth and death remain uncertain (ca. 238/228–150/140 BCE). Together with the Academic Carneades and the Peripatetic Critolaus, he participated in the embassy of philosophers sent to Rome to petition for the abolition of the 500-talent fine imposed on Athens for the sack of Oropos. From the key information about his surviving treatises, we know that their subjects can be traced back to the three parts into which Diogenes of Babylon divided philosophy — namely, logic, physics, and ethics — as Zeno of Citium had also done.
One of the greatest difficulties in reconstructing his thought lies in its transmission: almost 80% of the testimonies about him, collected by von Arnim (SVF III, pp. 210–43 = frs. 1–126), are preserved in the papyri, especially the Herculaneum papyri, sometimes in rolls that have awaited a new critical edition for over a century. About 120 years after the publication of the Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, this volume, after critically collecting the scanty evidence for Zeno of Tarsus, presents a new systematic and comprehensive edition of the fragments of Diogenes of Babylon, with an introduction, a translation, and a running commentary. The collection increases by more than a half the number of known testimonies considered by von Arnim.
This enterprise will significantly enhance our knowledge of the final stage of the early Stoa and its relation to the rival schools of Hellenistic philosophy. Most importantly, the volume brings to the fore one of the greatest and most revolutionary figures in the history of ancient philosophy, so far undeservedly neglected, whose doctrines contributed substantially to the development of logic, linguistics, ontology, and ethics in the Western thought.
