Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

From the first publications of the Transaction of the American Philosophical society, Vol. 1-20, 1818-1902

Contents: Introduction; (1) The Libraries of Tycho Brahe & of Paul Wittich: The Misleading Attribution of the Copernican Annotations; Master Paul Wittich; Tycho’s Attempts to Acquire Wittich’s Library; & The Prague Tychoniana; (2) Wittich’s Copernican Annotations: Reinhold’s Annotations & the Liege “De revolutionibus”; The Vatican Wittich Copy; The Prague & Wroclaw Wittich Copies; & Why Annotate Four Copes of “De revolutionibus”?; (3) Reconstructing the Universe: Tycho’s Early Transformations & Wittich’s Visit; A Theft in the Castle?: Thycho’s “Legal Brief” on the Ursus Affair, & Ursus’ Account & Kepler’s Interpretation; & Constructing Tycho’s Cosmology. Appendix: The Vatican Annotations; & Wittich’s Obituary in ”Silesia Togata.” Illus.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. 13 plates.

The popes of Avignon, beginning with the election of John XXII in 1316 & ending with the deposition of Benedict XIII in 1415, laid claim to the movable property of some 1,200 ecclesiastical persons, exercising a power that has subsequently been named “jus spolii,” the “right of spoil.” This term to designate the right of the pope to collect the goods of deceased clerics for his own use seems to appear for the first time at the end of the 15th cent. Chapters: Intro. Definitions; The Law of Succession to Clerics’ Property; The Pope as Protector of Clerical Property & the Testamentary License; “Jus spolii” & “plenitudo potestatis”; The Admin. & Documen’n. of Spoils; The Extent & Incidence of the Right of Spoil; & Repertory of Cases of the Papal Right of Spoil.

Contents: (I) The Stein Ministry in Historical Perspective: Hero History and Beyond; (II) Social Change and a New Ideology Confront Prussia’s Old Regime; (III) Optimism Springs From Crisis: The Reform Party; (IV) Bureaucratic Change and Accommodation of the Aristocracy; (V) Government by Property Owners; (VI) Anchoring the Foundations of a Capitalist Economy; (VII) The Stein Reform Ministry and the Process of Change in Prussia; and Bibliography.

This is a print on demand ed. Since the Renaissance, historians, philosophers, and others have judged the positive and negative contributions of the Middle Ages (MA) to the development of Western civilization. These writers have assessed the extent to which medieval culture and institutions may have either hindered or fostered scientific and technological progress. Contents of this study: (1) Introduction: The History of the Problem; (2) Liberal and Illiberal Arts: The Classification of Technical Arts in Antiquity; (3) Crafts, Philosophy, and the Liberal Arts in the Early MA; (4) Paradise Restored: Hugh of St. Victor and the Mechanical Arts in the 12th & 13th Cent.; (5) The Mechanical Arts and the Aristotelian Tradition; and (6) Conclusion.

This is a print on demand Publication.

While all human languages are likely to be genetically related, the remoter relationships cannot be demonstrated by reliable linguistic methods because the languages in question have diverged too much. Any demonstration of a relationship between languages depends on finding words & grammatical affixes of systematically similar shape & roughly equivalent meaning in the languages in question. This book addresses the practical aspects of the problem of chance resemblances; only elementary probability theory is needed to address the problem. The author discusses strictly limited, tightly controlled types of similarity between words, because those are easiest to understand & analyze; then he discusses more complex cases. Illustrations.

The lexicostatistical method is frequently used to gain information about family trees of languages which are not accessible in study by more traditional methods. The first & major purpose of this work is to validate the lexicostatistical method by presenting the classification it yields for the Indoeuropean family, & comparing that classification with the traditional one. If the classification it yields had differed greatly from the generally accepted one, some would have found that reason enough to challenge the method. The differences, however, appear to be relatively small & subject to reasonable explanations. Consequently this classification can be regarded as a principal confirmation of the validity of the lexicostatistical method. Illustrations.

Deals with two unusual French “ordines” in which relevance took precedence over tradition. In both the pregnant phrase “Franks, Burgundians, & Aquitanians” appeared in the prayer following the king’s unction in the place traditionally occupied by the alien triad “Saxons, Mercians, & Northumbrians.” The ceremonials were thus transformed & made fully appropriate for the ruler of France. Contents of this study: (1) “Franks, Burgundians, & Aquitanians” in the 12th Century: The “Ordo” of Lat. 14192; (2) The Reappearance of “Franks, Burgundians, & Aquitanians” in Early Modern France: Jean du Tillet; Du Tillet’s Version of the “Ordo Maior” of “Croix”; Theodore Godefroy & Du Tillet’s “Ordo”; (3) Conclusion. Appendix: The “Ordo Maior” of “Croix.” Bibliography.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. More than 100 illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Over 70 charts, tables and maps.

This book forms the final report of the underwater excavation which the author directed at Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, in 1960, for the Univ. Museum of the Univ. of PA. The formation of such a novel excavation, involving divers and equipment from five countries, took an unusual amount of paperwork. This report was written with the collaboration of Peter Throckmorton, Joan du Plat Taylor, J.B. Hennessy, Alan R. Shulman, and Hans-Gunter Buchholz. Contents: The Discovery; The Excavation; Condition and Treatment of Finds; The Ship and Its Lading; The Ingots; The Bronzes; The Pottery; The Stone Objects; Miscellaneous Finds; The Weights; The Scarabs; The Cylinder Seal; Basketry and Matting. Bibliography. Illustrations. A print on demand publication.

The vast and scattered literature of ichthyology contains hundreds of figures and descriptions of the skulls of teleost fishes, both recent and fossil. This collection of drawings of teleost skulls attempts a new review of the field as a whole, with special reference to problems of evolution. Contents: The Beginnings of the FS; Classification and Nomenclature of FS Parts; The Evolution of Particular FS Types; Isospondyli (Primitive Teleosts); Ostariophysi; Heteromi; Apodes; Mesichthyes (Intermediate Teleosts); Acanthoptyerygii (Spiny-finned Teleosts); Tentative Phylogeny of the Principal FS Types; The FS as a Natural Mechanism; The FS as a Document of Evolution; The Problem of Differential Growth and Evolution in FS; Bibliography. Illus. This is a print on demand publication.

This is a print on demand publication. When the First Fed. Congress convened in N.Y. City, an urgent priority of the newly formed legis. branch of the gov’t. of the U.S. was formation of its org. It is not surprising that it was formed of two bodies, similar to those of the British Parliament. Next in order was the formulation of rules for the conduct of both of its chambers, & the selection of appropriate officials & devices to represent their authority. Following British practice once more, the new House of Rep. & the Senate appointed Sergeants-at-Arms. As symbols of the their authority, the House of Rep. adopted the mace, & the Senate used a gavel to bring the body to order. These symbols of authority are discussed in this study, which also discusses the gavel of the Amer. Philos. Soc. Ill.

The aim of the research in this study is not to create a new theory of the origin of the colonate, but to show the circumstances surrounding it & to discover to what measure these contributed to reducing free tenants to a position where they did not dare to leave the land they tilled -- land which did not belong to them. What is at issue here, is the freedom of common people who worked another’s land in order to survive. Contents: Tax & Freedom; Tax & Social Mobility; Debts & Freedom; Coloni Iuris Alieni: Indebted & Enslaved; Adscripticii: Capita without Iugera; Barbarians on Roman Territory; Inquilini: People without Domicile; Conclusion; Appendix; Select Bibliography; & indices.

Part charlatan, part “Wunderkind,” & part learned scholastic, Fernando of Cordova burst upon the European scene in 1444-1446 when he traveled to different parts of Europe. He astounded audiences by his command of the subject matter in all univ. subjects, his mastery of oriental lang., his skill in painting, music, & instrument making, & his expertise in knightly warfare. After disappearing in 1446, he reappeared in 1466 as a Roman curialist active in several controversies. He died in 1486. Fernando’s philosophical, theological, & scientific writings cover a wide range of topics important to his age, and his biography has a special value because of what he did & whom he impressed in his travels in the cities, courts, & univ. of Europe.

Provides a complete & accurate text of a poem, “Lai de l’Oiselet”, that has long been available only in outdated or partial editions. Brings up-to-date & gathers in one place as much info. as possible about the origins of the story & its many analogues. Contents: (I) Synopsis of the Story; (II) Manuscripts; (III) Editions of the Story; (IV) Sources & Analogues of the Story: The “Barlaam & Josaphat”; The “Disciplina clericalis”; The “Chastoiement,”Trois Savoirs,” & “Donnei des Amants”; Thematic Sources: The “locus amoenus”; Generic & Stylistic Observations; (V) The Present Edition: The Choice of the Base Manuscript; Conclusions: Editorial Principles; Bibliography; Text of the Story; Rejected Readings of Ms “B”; Diplomatic Texts; & Glossary. Illus.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. More than 20 illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. More than 65 illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.

Includes a large drawing of a map showing the location of present and past buildings of Old Philadelphia in the area bounded by Vine, Lombard, Seventh Streets, and the Delaware River. This map is published together with a number of articles each dealing with a particular subject related to the map. A copy of the map is placed at the back of this volume. In each article, when a building is mentioned which is referred to on the map, there is an indication as to where it may be found. Illustrations. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

The Nalarayadavadanticarita is an Old Gujarati rendition of the Jain parallel to the Nala-Damayanti story of the Mahabharata. As with other parallel Jain, Hindu, & Buddhist stories & motifs, the work has many unique features, since the Jain story-teller employed it for the edifying presentation of the Jain religion. The present edition is based upon four paper manuscripts, designated, for facility of reference, B, H, P, & S. Contents: (I) Introduction: The Source of the Materials; The Story & Its Significance; Meters; (II) Grammar: Phonology; Morphology; Notes on Syntax; (III) Text: (IV) Translation; (V) Glossary; & (VI) References. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

When a certain Mark Anthony of the famous Italian family of the Roveres arrived in Agen, in SW France, in the second decade of the 16th century, he brought along with him his personal physician, Master Julius Caesar, who had been under the protection of his family for some time. This latter was a majestic-looking man of some 40 years of age who was to become renowned as one of the greatest scholars of the Renaissance. Indeed, so great became his fame in all branches of learning that it was for long considered that he was the greatest scholar who had ever dwelt in France. This study provides all the important things known about the life of Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). This is a print on demand publication.

Chromosomes play so important a role in heredity & development that it is desirable to know their entire life cycle since this knowledge will provide a basis for better understanding of their behavior. Contents of this study: Introduction; The genus “Holomastigotoides”; Species of “Holomastigotoides” in “Prorhinotermes”; “Holomastigotoides tusitala” species novum; “Holomastigotoides diversa” species novum; Centrioles & achromatic figure; Relation of chromosomes to nucleoli; Relation of chromosomes to nuclear membrane; Single chromatids; Double chromatids; Discussion; Summary; & References. 35 plates. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Maps and illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. More than 30 illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. 84 illustrations.

This is a print on demand Publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

Isaac Israeli (ca. 855–932 CE, Kairouan) was part of the first generation of authors who began to build a legacy of medical and philosophical knowledge based on Arabic translations of Greek writings and on their own experience. Isaac Israeli wrote at least three medical monographs, among them the Book on Fevers, which is composed of five treatises. The first of these, entitled Book on the Definition of Fever and Its Essence, is the subject of this work. In his book, Isaac Israeli writes about fever more from a philosophical than a medical point of view and this is what makes the Book on the Definition of Fever and Its Essence such an exceptional work.

The success of Isaac Israeli’s medical book is a notable example of the transfer of science from the East to the West. Translations of Isaac Israeli’s medical books became compulsory reading in most European universities during the Middle Ages. Moreover, this transmission phenomenon increased when Jewish communities in Europe became aware of and interested in this literature and translated it into Hebrew, as well as when the vernacular languages started to play a role in medical literature. This particular text was translated into Latin, into Hebrew twice, as well as into Old Spanish.

Isaac Israeli is a key figure who deeply impacted medieval medicine through the birth of a rich corpus of philosophy and, especially, of medicine, who explored the interaction between philosophy and medicine, translated this Greek-Arabic medicine from Arabic into Latin and other languages, and influenced the rise of Jewish authors, whose use of language was conditioned by the Islamic or European Christian environment

When did a person living in one of the rebellious colonies cease to be the subject of George III and become a citizen of a newly constituted American state? Well into the 19th cent., uncertainty persisted regarding citizenship acquired (or lost) during the Revolution. Turning to original sources, Maxey brings into clear focus a family dispute over inheritance rights and the task the Supreme Court faced in determining the status of Daniel Coxe -- either as a citizen of New Jersey entitled to inherit, or as an alien barred from doing so. Having heard the arguments on two separate occasions, the Supreme Court announced its decision in 1808. Twenty years later, the Court measurably diverged from the rationale supporting that decision. Illus.

This study presents a taxonomic review of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific members of the serranid subfamily Anthiinae, providing a much-needed survey of an important group of fishes. This monograph builds upon the literature with the results of examinations of large numbers of museum specimens and a few observations made on living animals. Illustrations include color photos.

Iconographies and texts that appear in some series of magical gems are presented in this fascinating study. Magical gems are still a scarcely explored area of antiquity in which new features of religion can be discovered. This volume presents an intriguing religious complex that concerns the Egyptian Kronos, his relations with Syrian culture, and Platonism. A totally new aspect of this book considers the reflection of Brahmanic thought on the iconography of magical gems. Contents: Introduction: Magical Gems as a Documentary Source for Ancient Religon; Theology on Magical Gems; Metamorphoses of Kronos on a Gem in Bologna; New Reading of the Osiris Myth in Near-Eastern Magic; Helios-Shiva: Porphyry, Ardhanarisvara, and a Magical Gem in Naples; Asklepios Leontouchos and Divine Triads on Syrian Gems; Empousa, Also Called Onoskelis. Illus.

Robert Goodloe Harper (1765-1825), a prominent attorney and U.S. Congressman from S. Carolina and Maryland, was one of the most influential Federalists of the early national period. The South’s leading proponent of the Jay Treaty, a framer of the Sedition Act, the powerful chairman of the House Ways and Means Comm., a dogged supporter of Aaron Burr, an outspoken counsel for John Pickering and Samuel Chase, and two-time failed V.P. candidate, Harper is traditionally remembered as an extreme example of unthinking, reactionary conservatism in an era of intense partisanship and bitter sectional conflict. This revisionist account reinterprets Harper’s political philosophy in light of his personal struggle with the moral dilemma of slavery.

Contents: Introduction, by David R. Contosta & Robert Muccigrosso; Lies, Silence, & Truth in the Writings of Henry Adams, by Edward Chalfant; Henry Adams & Politics, by Ari Hoogenboom; Henry Adams & the American Century, by David R. Contosta; Religion as Culture: Henry Adams’s ‘Mont-Saint-Michel & Chartres’, by Alfred Kazin; Henry Adams’s Anthropological Vision as American Identity, by Eugenia Kaledin; Henry Adams & the American Artists: The Two Mansions, by Paul R. Baker; A Dissenting View of John Quincy Adams, by Peter Shaw; Henry Adams & the European Tradition of the Philosophy of History, by John Lukacs; & Failure or Success? Our Legacy from Henry Adams, by Earl N Harbert.

In 1226, Pope Honorius III resolved a conflict between the Duke of Silesia, Henry I the Bearded, & Bishop Lawrence of Wroclaw, the see of that duchy. Henry alleged that the bishop had subjected the inhabitants of his duchy to “unowed exactions levied as tithes.” Henry alleged a devastating impact of Lawrence’s demands on settlement in his duchy, on his authority over its inhabitants, & implicitly on the entire social, economic, & political order over which he presided. This is a study of the period in which parish churches & tithe revenues are documented. Identifies those features of local churches & tithing that were routine, innovative, & controversial. Assesses directions of change during the period of documentation. Illustrations.

Among the harmonizing tactics that have been deployed to keep alive the marriage of science and religion, is the preadamite theory -- the idea that human beings existed before the biblical Adam. This overview of the preadamite attempts to reveal how inter-penetrative scientific and religious discourses have been. Contents: (1) Preadamism (PA) and Pagan Chronology; and The Peyrerean Formula; (2) PA, Polygenism, and Race; Reconciling Ethnology and Theology; Alexander Winchell and Monogenetic PA; and PA, Fundamentalism, and Anti-Evolutionism; (3) Evolutionary PA and Conservative Theology: Evolutionary Anthropology and Evangelical Theology; and PA and Modern Catholic Theology. Illus. This is a print on demand publication.

Ch. 1; Ch. 2; Ch. 3: Analysis of Plane Mirrors: Proposition 1; Ch. 4: Analysis of Convex Spherical Mirrors: Propositions 2-15; Ch. 5: Analysis of Convex Cylindrical Mirrors: Propositions 16-19; Ch. 6: Analysis of Convex Conical Mirrors: Propositions 20-22; Ch. 7: Analysis of Concave Spherical Mirrors: Propositions 33-36; Ch. 8: Analysis of Concave Cylindrical Mirrors: Propositions 37 and 38. Figures for Translation and Commentary; Appendix; Latin-English Index; English-Latin Glossary; Bibliography; General Index. Illus. (sold with Vol. 1: -- see 1-60618-981-6 -- must buy both vol.)

Contents: (A) Alhacen’s Analysis of Image-Distortion in Mirrors: An Overview; The Sources for Alhacen’s Analysis and Its Reception in the Latin West; Conclusion; (B) Manuscripts and Editing; (C) Latin Text: Ch. 1; Ch. 2; Ch. 3: Analysis of Plane Mirrors: Proposition (Prop.) 1; Ch. 4: Analysis of Convex Spherical Mirrors: Prop. 2-15; Ch. 5: Analysis of Convex Cylindrical Mirrors: Prop. 16-19; Ch. 6: Analysis of Convex Conical Mirrors: Prop. 20-22; Ch. 7: Analysis of Concave Spherical Mirrors: Prop. 33-36; Ch. 8: Analysis of Concave Cylindrical Mirrors: Prop. 37 and 38. Figures for Translation and Commentary. Illus.

Alhacen’s treatment of light and sight in the “De aspectibus” culminates with the analysis of refraction in book 7. Far briefer than his account of reflection, which occupies three books, Alhacen’s study of refraction follows essentially the same pattern of analysis, starting with various experiments designed to establish or confirm the governing principles of refraction empirically and proceeding to the application of those principles to specific cases according to the shape of the refracting surface. In many respects, in fact, reflection and refraction are side of the same coin according to Alhacen. Contents of this two-volume set: (1) Intro.: Alhacen’s Analysis of Refraction: An Overview; The Prolemaic Underpinnings of Alhacen’s Refraction Analysis; The Fate of Alhacen’s Refraction Analysis in the Latin West; Putting Alhacen in His Proper Place; (2) Manuscripts and Editing; (3) Latin Text; (4) English Translation. Glossary and Biblio. Illus.

Alhacen’s treatment of light and sight in the “De aspectibus” culminates with the analysis of refraction in book 7. Far briefer than his account of reflection, which occupies three books, Alhacen’s study of refraction follows essentially the same pattern of analysis, starting with various experiments designed to establish or confirm the governing principles of refraction empirically and proceeding to the application of those principles to specific cases according to the shape of the refracting surface. In many respects, in fact, reflection and refraction are side of the same coin according to Alhacen. Contents of this two-volume set: (1) Intro.: Alhacen’s Analysis of Refraction: An Overview; The Prolemaic Underpinnings of Alhacen’s Refraction Analysis; The Fate of Alhacen’s Refraction Analysis in the Latin West; Putting Alhacen in His Proper Place; (2) Manuscripts and Editing; (3) Latin Text; (4) English Translation. Glossary and Biblio. Illus.

This two-volume set is a continuation of A. Mark Smith’s pub. of Ibn al-Haytham’s “De aspectibus,” the most important treatise on optics of the Middle Ages, indeed, the most important treatise prior to the 17th century. This ed. of Alhacen’s text will appeal to those who are interested in medieval scientific developments, but also to others for whom the study of optics, in particular, forms part of the cultural development of the later Middle Ages. The understanding of vision continues to gain importance in the historiography of intellectual life in this period, & Prof. Smith’s work will be an important contribution to this scholarship. His translation of the Latin text accurately represents a challenging & technical original. Illustrations.

Ours is an age of science and technology, based on precision instruments. The first such device to strengthen our feeble human senses in our striving to comprehend the strange and elusive universe around us was the telescope. Cornelis de Waard, in his “De uitvinding der verrekijkers” (The Hague, 1906), had uncovered many new documents bearing on the genesis of the telescope. Van Helden began this project as a translation of de Waard’s study. However, Van Helden decided that the profession and de Waard’s memory would be better served by a collection and translation of all the relevant primary sources named in his study. Contents of this volume: Intro.; The Background; Between Porta and Lipperhey, 1589-1608; and Documents. Illus. Reprint.

Explores the links between science and empire in the 19th cent\ury, focusing on the mutual interactions of British imperialism and geophysical empiricism. The 19th century was a time when science was becoming global, in part due to European colonial and imperial expansion. Colonies became not just propagation points for European science, but also collection points for geophysical investigations. These “colonial observatories” influenced the type of science that could be done. Comparing the development of British and American geomagnetic research during this period shows the dependency between the two influences. Both the scientific theories and the geopolitical realities played a role in creating the tool for studying global science still in use today.

Sophie de Grouchy, marquise de Condorcet, was a woman of the French Enlightenment who was a member of the Girondin revolutionary faction, ran an influential salon, and translated Adam Smith and Thomas Paine. Her “Lettres sur la sympathie” is a work on moral philosophy, a theory of social progress, and a feminist reassessment of liberal philosophy and social contract theory. Editor Brown brings to light an important philosophical text from the end of the 18th cent. which will be valuable to scholars of the French Enlightenment, Adam Smith and the Scottish Enlightenment, women’s studies, and the history of women in philosophy. “Succeeds in restoring Sophie de Grouchy’s text to its rightful place in the history of philosophy and ideas.” Illus.

Contents: Emancipation, Black Troops, & Hard War, by J. Paradis; A Reinterpretation of Sherman’s Generalship during the 1864 March to Atlanta in Light of the Logistic Strategy, by J. Britt McCarley; The U.S. Navy & the Genesis of Maritime Education, by J. Speelman; U.S. Military Attaches & Military Intelligence, 1885-1920, by J. Votaw; Col. Conrad Babcock & Command Development during WW1, by D. Johnson; The Politics of Soldier Voting in the Elections of 1944, by C. DeRosa; Eisenhower as Ground-Forces Commander: The Brit. Viewpoint, by G.E. Murray; Operation Rollup: The U.S. Army’s Rebuild Program during the Korean War, by P. Kindsvatter; Considerations on the Weakness of Brit. Imperial Power, by A. Lynde; & Weigley Bibliography.

This book recuperates the Latin poetry of Vincent Bourne by exploring the poet’s unique techniques of self-fashioning that distinguish him from his neo-Latin forebears & contemporaries. Haan is the UK’s most eminent neo-Latinist. Through close & perceptive analysis of Bourne’s negotiation of poetic identity, Haan argues in new ways for the blend of classicism & Romanticism informing his marginalized status. She capitalizes on the familiarity with other 18th-cent. English poets about whom she has previously written (Cowper, Gray, & Addison) & she makes use of contemporary literary theory without becoming dependent on any single approach or disfiguring her writing with critical jargon. The connections with English-language poets that Haan adduces will be a very considerable resource for students of vernacular poetry.

This volume provides a thorough analysis of the Company of Stationers, drawing heavily on unpublished Company records. Author Timothy Feist places the Stationer’s Co. in the context of the burgeoning “consumer society” of the 18th century & relates the almanacs’ content with the political developments of the post-Revolution whig state. He argues that the almanac’s creation, production, & distribution need to be understood through the commercial imperatives driving the Company, which controlled the monopoly. Feist’s discussion of almanac content in the early 18th century stresses its preoccupation with order, harmony, & unity, & he skillfully links the almanacs’ association of political with mathematical order.

In this volume, Estelle Haan, one of the world’s finest neo-Latinists, makes an important contribution to the study of so often neglected poetry. She uses context & commentary to create an unprecedented understanding of Joseph Addison’s poetry. Haan adds to the corpus of neo-Latin poetry, & also offers to non-Latinists with an interest in Addison access to products of his creative imagination that were hitherto unavailable because of the language barrier. The inclusion of material unkonwn to previous Addison editors considerably enhances the volume’s value. Illustrations.

Makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the early maritime trade in the northern Pacific in general, & in the Bering Strait area in particular. The maritime fur trade was an important commercial force in the Bering Strait region from the early 19th cent. until the outbreak of WW2; nevertheless, its origins are not well understood. But two important documents shed considerable light on the genesis of this trade. These manuscripts describe the voyages of the Amer. trading brigs “Gen. San Martin” & “Pedler” in 1819-20. They provide info. on the relationships that existed between the Amer. maritime traders & the Russian officials in Kamchatka & Alaska, as well as with the inhab. of the Bering Strait region in the first qtr. of the 19th cent. Illustrations.

During his explanation of both the painting made by Hugh for the school of Saint Victor & the text that describes it, Conrad Rudolph addresses “The Mystic Ark” in the two senses of the word “Ark.” First, he speaks of the iconographical component of the Ark proper in the image of “The Mystic Ark,” & “The Ark,” a shortened title he sometimes uses when referring to either the image or the text of “The Mystic Ark.” Created between 1125 & 1130, “The Mystic Ark” is a work that was conceived at a moment of previously unrivaled controversy over art & of perceived threat by science to theology. Rudolph recognizes, in his own text, the significance of the painting & text in understanding medieval visual culture & its polemical context. Color & black & white illus.

Abraham Zacut (1452-1515) of Salamanca was an outstanding intellectual figure in the Spanish Jewish community on the eve of the expulsion in 1492. His scientific work began in the 1470s, & continued in exile, in Portugal, N. Africa, & ultimately in Jerusalem. This monograph focuses on some of his important contributions to astronomy, namely, those that appear in the book published in Leiria, Portugal, in 1496, generally known as the “Almanach Perpetuum”; this publication is to be distinguished from “ha-Hibbur ha-gadol” (“The Great Composition”) that Zacut composed in Hebrew in 1478. Indeed, one of the findings in the course of research for this vol. is that these are distinct works. Bibliography. Charts & tables.

This vol. draws together records documenting a little known diplomatic effort to establish peace along the war-torn Appalachian frontier during the spring, summer, & fall of 1760. Assembled here is a representative sample of the council minutes, speeches, letters of correspondence, warrants, inventories, passports, journals, diaries, & other types of records documenting a frontier diplomatic mission of the period. These records reveal something of the range & diversity of documentary materials available to scholars interested in reconstructing diplomatic events along a distant frontier during a critical period of Am. history. Individually, they document political maneuvers & details of everyday life, many of which are recorded nowhere else. Collectively, they provide additional keys to understand better how Indians & colonists shaped a new diplomatic landscape along the Penna. frontier after the Brit. succeeded in breaking French power in N. Am. in 1760.

Chapters: (1) Milton & the Accademia degli Svogliati; (2) Milton & the Accademia degli Apatisti; (3) Florentine “Written Encomiums”: Antonion Francini, & Carlo Dati; (4) Patterns of “Amicitia”: The Milton/Dati Correspondence: (i) Reconstructing a Lost Dati Epistle to Milton; (ii) The Dati Epistles of 1647-1648; (iii) A Paradise Regained?: Francesco, Rovai, Gabriello Chiabrera, & Dati’s “Consolatio” to Milton; (5) Milton & the Accademia dei Fantastici: (i) Giovanni Salzilli’s “Written Encomium”; & (ii) Milton’s “Ad Salsillum”; (6) “Voice & Verse”: Leonora Baroni, Milton, & Italian “Accademici”; (7) Milton & the Accademia degli Oziosi; (8) From “Angel” to “Angle”: Manso & Milton; (9) “Mansus” & Italian Encomia of Manso; (10) “Mansueti...Chironis”: Manso, the Tame Centaur; (11) Milton, Ariosto, & the Singing Swan; & (12) “Amicitia” & Biography. Appendix: Milton’s Latin Poems of the Italian Journey. Biblo.

Born in Spain and long-time resident of Bruges, Juan Luis Vives is one of the keenest, and most neglected, minds of the northern Renaissance. A many-sided intellect and critical observer of the contemporary scene, Vives' contribution includes treatises on metaphysics, psychology, education, rhetoric, logic, religion, and social reform. And it is precisely the central premise of this monograph that what links these diverse works together and turns Vives literary production into a whole larger than the sum of its parts is the author's single-minded commitment to the Socratic dictum that an unexamined life is not worth living. But because man's Fall caused him to lose his pristine ability to accomplish that task as an individual, he must now do it in the context of a God-mandated, man-created institution: society, whose origins and evolution Vives explains in Stoic terms. Building on a foundation of Socratic/ Aristotelian optimism and Augustinian pessimism, he concludes that social man can indeed reach the bonitas which alone makes beatitude possible. But at a price, for Vives the Skeptic insists that man must forego the use of that ratio speculativa which seduces him into thinking that he can probe into nature's being and understand his own divine nature.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

After the telescope became known in 1608-1609, a number of people in widely separate locations claimed that they had such a device long before the announcement came from The Hague; in the summer of 1608, no one had a telescope, in the summer of 1609, everyone had one. For a number of years author Rolf Willach has quietly tested early spectacle lenses in museums and private collections, and now he reports on this study, which gives an entirely new explanation of the invention of the telescope and solves the conundrum mentioned above. Willach is an optical engineer and independent scholar who worked for several years at the Inst. of Astronomy in Bern. He has written extensively on the history of the development of optics and the telescope. Illus.

This book traces the history of collections care at the American Philosophical Society (APS) as revealed through its minute books, treasurers’ receipts, and librarians’ correspondence. It also examines the physical evidence presented by books and documents that were repaired by former restorers and conservators, including Library of Congress manuscript restorer William Berwick, book and manuscript restorer Carol Rugh (later Caorlyn Horton), and the Society’s first full-time conservator, Willman Spawn. Their painstaking repairs, which have not always aged well, present both a vital historical record and an ongoing challenge for today’s conservators. Illus.

Sometime between 1028 and 1038, Ibn al-Haytham completed his monumental optical synthesis, Kitab al-Manazir ("Book of Optics"). By no later than 1200, and perhaps somewhat earlier, this treatise appeared in Latin under the title De aspectibus. In that form it was attributed to a certain "Alhacen." These differences in title and authorial designation are indicative of the profound differences between the two versions, Arabic and Latin, of the treatise. In many ways, in fact, they can be regarded not simply as different versions of the same work, but as different works in their own right. Accordingly, the Arab author, Ibn al-Haytham, and his Latin incarnation, Alhacen, represent two distinct, sometimes even conflicting, interpretive voices. And the same holds for their respective texts.

To complicate matters, "Alhacen" does not represent a single interpretive voice. There were at least two translators at work on the Latin text, one of them adhering faithfully to the Arabic original, the other content with distilling, even paraphrasing, the Arabic original. Consequently, the Latin text presents not one, but at least two faces to the reader. This two-volume critical edition represents fourteen years of work on Dr. Smith's part.

Awarded the 2001 J. F. Lewis Award.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

A main work on muscular action, the “Elements of Myology,” by the Danish anatomist Niels Stensen (1638-1686) was written at a time when the teachings of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Aristotle, & Galen were still the foundations upon which scholarly learning on the human body were built. In this work as in several other areas of research, Stensen described a structure vs. time relation as a dynamic process. From macroscopic observations of a number of muscles in several animal species, he described the contraction of compound muscles arranged in unipennate structures with an angle between muscle fibers & tendons. He found that the observed swelling of a muscle during contraction was not an argument for an expansion of its volume. Contents of this study: (1) Stensen’s Myology in HIsotrical Perspective, by Troels Kardel, M.D.; & (2) Translations of Niels Stensen’s “New Structure of the Muscles & Heart” (1663) & “Specimen of Elements of Myology” (1667) with Facsimile of First Editions” annotated by Harriet Hansen, M.A., & Aug. Ziggelaar, S.J., Ph.D. Reprint. Illus.

This vol. provides a new analysis of the sources concerning the clash between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII. Indeed, any attempt to study the constitutional and political position of the French clergy during the critical years at the turn of the 13th century must include an assessment of the ecclesiastical assemblies at which many clerical decisions were taken and through which the clerical voice was being heard. Although much progress has been made in the sorting and listing of materials relating to French diocesan synods, prior to this publication there had been no comparable sifting of the sources for the provincial councils.

Thomas Thistlewood is known for his daily records of life on a slave plantation in eighteenth-century Jamaica. Thistlewood's previously unexamined weather journal is shown here to be the most important written record from the Earth's tropical regions available. His observation methods are superior to most of his contemporaries & provide a high-quality daily record of more than 35 years. Comparison of his records with modern weather records indicates that Thistlewood's Jamaica was a much cooler & moister place than in modern times. A 252-year record of tropical storm & hurricane frequency in Jamaica reveals that the late 20th-century minimum in storm frequency is unprecedented.

The Southeastern area of the U.S. is one of the richest vertebrate fossil localities on the east coast of North America & was recognized as such by Louis Agassiz during his first visit to Charleston in 1847 when he saw the first collection of fossils accumulated by local planter Francis Holmes. Holmes was made curator of The Charleston Museum in 1850 & spent the following years writing books on paleontology & leading the way in developing the mining of phosphate near Charleston. Sanders reports discoveries of vertebrate fossils near Charleston & Myrtle Beach, S. Carolina, & in Brunswick County, N. Carolina, which have provided new records of 37 Pleistocene mammal taxa on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Maps. Black & white illustrations.

Babylonian & Assyrian early civilizations left a vast corpus of records & scribes preserved through the medium of cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Reiner looks back on the last half-century & more of work on the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD) project at the Oriental Inst. of Chicago, focusing on the reformulation of the task that took place during her years of participation in the 1950s & 1960s. This included intellectual clashes between scholars Thorkild Jacobsen & Leo Oppenheim. Benno Landsberger supported Oppenheim & helped to move the project forward. Oriental Inst. dir. Robert McC. Adams concurs in the course that has made the CAD one of the great humanistic achievements of our time.

Arising in the first decades of the twentieth century, the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements came into existence in Britain in an era of social and political unrest and were initially the center of intense controversy. Through the years, Guiding and Scouting broke down class, race, and gender distinctions and helped youth cope with an emerging mass culture and allowed boys and girls to stretch gender and generational boundaries. Using official documents, logbooks, diaries, and oral histories, Tammy Proctor explores the formation of the Scouts and Guides and their transformation during and after World War I. The interwar period marked a departure for the two organizations as they emerged as large multinational organizations that targeted not only adolesents, but also smaller children and young adults.

The autobiographical memoirs of Zeng Baosun, an extraordinary Chinese woman who was a pioneer in promoting education for girls & Christian values, are expertly translated & adapted by Thomas Kennedy. The commentary recounts Zeng Baosun's life & education, from her studies abroad, to her experiences through two world wars, to her exile in Taiwan. She emphasized the feminist commitment to leadership and improvement in the condition of women, but always within an established social and economic order.

This collection of memoirs by refugees from Nazi Germany is a rich source of autobiographical information on the Nazi era. Housed at Houghton Library of Harvard University, it consists of 263 files containing the memoirs of approximately 230 people who lived in Germany or Austria during the 1930s. The stories of the memoirists encompass an almost bewildering range of human experience. The authors come from Danzig and Berlin, from central Germany and the Southwest, from Munich and from Vienna. They are Jews and Catholics and Protestants, and mixtures of these all-too-neat categories in their origins and marriages. They are peddlers and professors, machinists and lawyers, private housewives and public activists. They are conservatives and liberals and Communists. The strongest common bond was their exile.

Sir Francis Galton was an influential mentor for the educational psychologists who supplied crucial doctrine to American eugenics from 1903 to 1930. Yet the nature of his influence has never been specified. The psychologists' own claim as to the Galton's contribution -- that he provided sufficient justification for their absolutist hereditarianism -- was clearly disingenuous. Rather, he appears to have functioned as a model for these figures, who were informed by their perceptions of Galton's ulterior purposes in constructing eugenics as he did. Any of various features in the 45-year-long course of that development could have encouraged these particular legatees to appreciate both Galton and his product as surreptitious stanchers of democracy.

In the 12th and 13th cent., Western Europe became possessed of Latin versions of most of the works of Greco-Arabic science & philosophy. These included works originally written in Greek & subsequently translated into Arabic, as well as works in Arabic by Christian, Muslin, and Jewish scholars. The new material helped create the new univ. of the 13th cent. and transformed the foundations of medieval thought. This study focuses on a short text by Galen, Peri anomalou dyskrasis, whose Greek text has recently been edited. Contents: (1) The Arabic translation from Greek by Hunayn ibn Ishaq (d. 873); The Latin Translation from Arabic by Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187); The Hebrew Translation from Latin by David b. Abraham Caslari (d. c. 1315); (2) The Texts: The Arabic Text; The Arabic-English Translation; The Latin Text; The Hebrew Text; (3) Glossaries: Arabic-Latin-Hebrew; Latin; Hebrew.

The first detailed study of the terrestrial globe of Johann Schoner (1477-1547), a cosmographer and teacher of mathematics in Nurnberg, which he made as part of the first pair of celestial and terrestrial globes in 1515. The globe is not much younger than the earliest surviving terrestrial globe from 1492. The globe is an important part of early 16th-cent. cartography, and an important chapter in the cartographic history of the New World. Transcribing all of the toponyms and legends on the globe has entailed an examination of textual, catographic, and graphical sources which has shed light on the relationship of the globe to maps, globes, and books of the period. “A work of consummate scholarship.” Illustrations.

This collection of historical and scientific studies shows the impressive significance of the invention, development, and use of the lightning rod in the past 250 years. The rod was a device long taken to be a symbol of enlightenment and utility, judged by some people the very first practical application of the experimental physical sciences to truly practical ends; opposition to its introduction was similarly taken to be a sign of superstition. These essays move beyond the lightning rods’ storied revolutionary symbolism to explore the range of techniques and experiments that fashioned conductors and their varied meanings. “An intriguing and entertaining history of one of modernity’s most cherished technoscientific objects.” Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. 43 illustrations
2 maps

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Over 130 charts, tables, graphs and illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand Publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard-to-find journal.

Sometime between 1028 and 1038, Ibn al-Haytham completed his monumental optical synthesis, Kitab al-Manazir ("Book of Optics"). By no later than 1200, and perhaps somewhat earlier, this treatise appeared in Latin under the title De aspectibus. In that form it was attributed to a certain "Alhacen." These differences in title and authorial designation are indicative of the profound differences between the two versions, Arabic and Latin, of the treatise. In many ways, in fact, they can be regarded not simply as different versions of the same work, but as different works in their own right. Accordingly, the Arab author, Ibn al-Haytham, and his Latin incarnation, Alhacen, represent two distinct, sometimes even conflicting, interpretive voices. And the same holds for their respective texts. To complicate matters, "Alhacen" does not represent a single interpretive voice. There were at least two translators at work on the Latin text, one of them adhering faithfully to the Arabic original, the other content with distilling, even paraphrasing, the Arabic original. Consequently, the Latin text presents not one, but at least two faces to the reader. Volume This two-volume critical edition represents fourteen years of work on Dr. Smith's part. Awarded the 2001 J. F. Lewis Award.

Volume Two--English Translation

Contents: (I) Ancient Theories of Visual Perception: The Physics of Vision; The Physiology of Vision; The Psychology of Visual Perception; (II) Optics Proper: Analysis of Direct Vision: The Visual Cone; The Visual Perception of Physical Space; Binocular Vision; (III) Catoptrics: Analysis of Vision by Reflected Rays: The Law of Equal Angles; Multiple Reflections and Multiple Images; The Principles of Image-Location; Image-Formation and Distortion; Visual Effecs from Composite Mirrors; (IV) Dioptrics: Analysis of Vision by Deflected Rays: Observation and Explanation of the Phenomenon; Practical Application: The Problem of Atmospheric Refraction; Image-Location as a Function of the Shape of the Refracting Surface; Size-Distortion; (V) Analysis of the Rainbow and of Burning Mirrors; (VI) Conclusion. Illus.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: Poetry, Knowledge, & Scientific Poetry; Epistemology vs. Poetics in Bacon; Bacon & the Presocratic Poet-philosophers; Bacon & Lucretius; Bacon’s Science & Virgil’s Poetry; & Conclusion: Poetic Language & Scientific Discourse.

A history of the ferrotype or tintype in Amer. photography, from its origin in the 1850s until 1880. Schimmelman, Prof. of Art History, presents a history of the technological development of the tintype & its manufacture, & touches upon a number of issues relating to the cultural & social aspects of the tintype. She lays an interesting groundwork for thinking about the class dimensions of Victorian aesthetics & about the political economy of taste. The heart of the book is the extended accounts of the improvements in the presentation of the images & of the inventors & businessmen who made the improvements & advanced their careers in the business. Raises important issues in art history & the history of photography. Includes over 200 reproductions of actual tintypes.

Emerging for the first time in the 5th cent. B.C., horoscopes reflect the application of the idea and practice of celestial divination to the life of the individual. Whereas an omen focuses on a single astronomical phenomenon, the horoscope takes into account the positions of the moon, sun, and five planets at the moment of a birth. As such, Babylonian horoscopes presuppose the concept of the ecliptic and a methodology for obtaining the positions of heavenly bodies when they are not observable. This is the first complete edition of the extant cuneiform horoscopes -- with transcription and philological and astronomical commentary. This study offers a systematic description of the documents as a definable class of Babylonian astronomical/astrological texts.

This is a print on demand publication. Author Erica Reiner collected the Near Eastern material for this book over many years of association with the “Chicago Assyrian Dictionary.” She culled her sources from such scientific texts as medicine, divination, & rituals, which are not usually included in anthologies of Mesopotamian texts & are rarely available in translation. Chapters: The Role of Stars; The Art of the Herbalist; Medicine; Divination; Apotropaia; Sorcerers & Sorceresses; The Nature of Stones; & Nocturnal Rituals. Illustrations.

In 1782, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova was appointed dir. of Russia’s Imperial Acad. of Arts & Sci. by Catherine the Great. It was just two years after she had met with another personality of the Enlightenment -- Benjamin Franklin, founding pres. of Amer. first scientific acad., the Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS). The essays in this vol., pub. as a companion to an exhib. of the same title & on the occasion of the Franklin Tercentenary of 2006, highlight Dashkova as an accomplished Enlightenment woman. They explore how she, like Franklin, took up the challenge of living according to the newest ideals of her age. Nominated by Franklin in 1789 to become the first female member of the APS, she in turn made him the first Amer. member of the Russian Acad.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard-to-find monograph.

The Massawomeck are but one of several hinterland Indian groups which having made a brief, frequently violent, appearance during the 17th century, disappear. Eyewitness & contemporary accounts of the Massawomeck, which are confined to the period 1607-1634, are closely associated with the founding of the English Jamestown & Maryland colonies in tidewater Virginia. Unfortunately, references to the Massawomeck are brief & frequently apart from the mainstream of events. Yet a sizable body of antiquarian & scholarly literature regarding the Massawomeck was generated, largely in the 19th century, which often classified them as one or another of the Iroquois tribes. This vol. attempts to expand upon what is known of the Massawomeck in the hope that it will be possible to enhance our understanding of trade between the mid-Atlantic Indians in the Chesapeake Bay latitudes & the Ontario Iroquois in the 16th century & the first three decades of the 17th century.

Clifford Duncan, a Northern Ute elder, believed in educating the public to know and understand the meaning of Ute petroglyphs. By doing this, he believed it would help to preserve and protect them. Over the course of eight years, Clifford and the author visited and revisited all of these sites, discussing what they might represent. Clifford’s father was an Uncompahgre Ute and wanted Clifford to know the traditional homelands of the Uncompahgres in western Colorado. Clifford made special trips all through the Uncompahgre Plateau, seeking out any Ute petroglyphs and cultural sites. Later, he and the author visited many of the petroglyphs on the Uintah-Ouray Reservation, which were authored by the Uncompahgre and White River Utes. The interpretations of the petroglyphs are supplemented with cultural and political history, and ethnographic information from scholars provides a deep appreciation as to what makes Ute petroglyphs so unique and fascinating. Full-color illus.

This is a print on demand Publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard-to-find journal.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand Publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard-to-find journal.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. More than 150 charts, tables and maps.

The source material for the study of medieval oriental astronomy consists of Byzantine Greek, Sanscrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Turkish astronomical and astrological manuscripts. If one desires to build up a detailed picture of Islamic astronomy, one can choose material from these available manuscripts. Of these manuscripts it is possible to isolate a group of works, the “zijes”. A “zij” consists of the numerical tables and accompanying explanation sufficient to measure time and to compute planetary and stellar positions, appearance, and eclipses. This paper is a survey of the number, distribution, contents, and relations between “zijes” written in Arabic or Persian during the period from the 8th through the 15th centuries. Illustrations. Oversize.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Over 250 illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.

This is a print on demand publication. The French Revolution seethed with rumors of plots instigated by various groups from aristocrats to brigands. Many of the rumors had to do with the food supply, especially with grain, from which the vast majority of Frenchmen derived most of their nourishment. These were called “famine plots,” by which was meant a secret machination to starve the people in order to achieve certain ends. Like many attitudes & practices associated with the Revolution, the famine plot persuasion was a way of making sense of the world that was deeply rooted in the collective consciousness & the material, moral & political environment of the old regime. When there was a serious & protracted disruption of the normal grain & bread supply, consumers found reasons to question the authenticity of the dearth. The conviction grew that the crisis had been contrived, that there was a criminal conspiracy afoot against the people, that popular suffering was needless, & that the plotters somehow had to be resisted. This study examines the dearths of 1725-1726, 1738-1741, 1747 & 1751-1752, & the crises of 1765-1770 & 1771-1775.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication. Five plates.

This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.