Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society

This volume, the first of three volumes describing the major facets of Ancient Eygptian Science, concentrates on the origin and development of hieroglyphic writing, the scribal profession, the quasi-learned institutions in anciant Egypt. Professor Clagett has paid particular attention to the so-called Palermo Stone, the earliest annals composed in Egypt. This book is Tome Two of the two-part Volume 1.

To anyone who has ever examined in any of its printed forms the little work on Greek words which differ in meaning according to difference in accent, which is attributed to John Philoponus, it must be evident that this text is of interest to the historian of lexicography or of pedagogy rather than to the lexicographer. The work offers pairs of words the members of which, according to the title, differ from one another only in accent & meaning. The preserved form of this text represents the nadir of learning, for it was part of one of the mainstreams of lexicography. Contents of this study: An introduction to the work by John Philoponus; the Greek text of Recensio A, Recensio B, Recensio C, Recensio D, & Recensio E; & Comparatio Numerorum.

This “Garden Book” contains the most varied entries of all Thomas Jefferson’s memorandum books. The book that began as a diary of the garden became a written repository for numerous interests of Jefferson. The entries range from contracts with overseers, plans for building roads and fish ponds, and observations on the greatest flood in Albemarle, to comments on Mrs. Wythe’s wine and figures on the number of strawberries in a pint measure. Jefferson’s love of nature was so intense that his observant eye caught almost every passing change in it. And whatever he saw rarely escaped being recorded. The varied entries also give us a clue as to his interests in introducing new plants and in improving farming, horticulture, viticulture, and many other aspects of the rural life of his time. These interests at Monticello were also tied up with agricultural and horticultural needs of the U.S. Includes annotations by Edwin Morris Betts. Illus.

Koch Centennial Memorial, March 1982, Vol. 125, No. 3 (part 2 of 2 parts). Contents: Robert Koch, Tuberculosis (TB), & the Subsequent History of Medicine; TB & Medical Science; Epidemiology of TB; Disease Transmission & Contagion Control; TB: Susceptibility & Resistance; Pathogenesis of Pulmonary TB; Microbiology of Tubercle Bacilli; The Immunology of TB; Immunoreactive Substances of Mycobacteria; BCG Vaccination; The Surgery for Pulmonary TB; Clinical Trials in Pulmonary TB; Chemotherapy for TB Today; Chemoprophylaxis; The Tuberculin Skin Test; The Atypical Mycobacteria; Impact of TB on Human Health in the World; & TB: A Portal Through Which to View the Future. Illustrations.

Contents: Part I: (I) Plato and the Authorship of the “Epinomis”; (II) Platonic “topoi” and the Structure of the “Epinomis”; (III) Philip of Opus; (IV) The “Epinomis,” Aristotle, and the Early Academy; and (V) The Influence of the “Epinomis” on the Formation of a Platonic Dogma; Part II: The Manuscripts of the “Epinomis”; The Indirect Tradition; Modern Editions; “Sigla”; Text; Commentary; Appendix I: Repertory of Conjectures on the “Epinomis”; Appendix II: On the Greek Word “habit” in Plato, Speusippus, and Aristotle; List of Abbreviations; Bibliography; Addenda; Indices: Ancient Passages, Proper Names, and Grammatical and Lexicographical; and Errata.

T.B. Mitford presents a comprehensive study of all known inscriptions from the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus. These date from the 7th, perhaps the 8th cent. B.C., through the Classical, Hellenistic, and Imperial Roman periods, to the early Byzantine era. The finds are fully illustrated by photos and line drawings. Tables of syllabic signs include the signaries of Archaic Kourion, the Treasure of Kourion, Classical Kourion, Archaic and Classical Paphos, and the Common Cypriot Signary of the Classical Period. A full bibliography, a concordance of the inscriptions, and plans of archaeological sites are provided, the whole forming a richly annotated and illustrated corpus of Kourion and its environs.

This is a print on demand pub. Raymond D’Aguilers, chaplain of Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, wrote an eyewitness account of the crusades entitled “Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem.” His 12th-cent. history has influenced later historians in their accounts of the First Crusade and has led to many misinterpretations. This translation offers a clearer understanding of the crusades; it catches the spirit of the chaplain and reveals the suffering and misgivings of the clerics who journeyed to Jerusalem. Explains the author’s use of visions and Biblical material and his resort to ecclesiastical fiction. “Offers a vivid account of the crusaders’ journey to Jerusalem and the capture of the Holy Sepulchre in 1099.” Maps. (reprint ed.)

How Benjamin Franklin’s life and legacy have been used, misused, interpreted, and reinterpreted throughout American history and popular culture

A teenage runaway whose face later appeared on the one-hundred-dollar bill, as well as the man who penned Poor Richard’s Almanac and later helped shape the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, Benjamin Franklin lived a life of wide-ranging dimension, talent, contradiction, and change. A printer, writer, publisher, inventor, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was a quintessential Renaissance man. Down-to-earth and pragmatic, self-educated and versatile, inquisitive and resourceful, witty and humorous, irreverent and rebellious, Franklin has come to embody emphatically American characteristics. How people have used, misused, interpreted, and reinterpreted his life and legacy provides a fascinating window through which to understand American history. Nian-Sheng Huang studies the historical figure of Franklin, not as an icon on a pedestal, but through the eyes, voices, perceptions, and public activities of ordinary Americans, in popular culture and across generations.

English joiner John Head (1688-1754) immigrated to Philadelphia in 1717 and became one of its most successful artisans and merchants. His prominence had been lost to history until the discovery of his account book at the Amer. Philosophical Soc. The earliest and most complete account book to have survived from any cabinetmaker working in Brit. North Amer. or in Great Britain, it records thousands of transactions over a 35-year period (1718-1753). This volume represents the definitive interpretation of the Head’s account book. Profusely illustrated and with a comprehensive general index, it is an essential reference work on 18th-cent. Phila., its furniture and material culture, and a detailed social history of that era’s artisans and merchants.

The Tower of the Winds has stood in the shadow of the Acropolis in Athens for more than 2,100 years. This tall octagonal building, one of the best preserved monuments from the classical period, was built by the architect-astronomer Andronikos of Kyrrhos as a horologion for keeping time. Almost all its features have been attributed to the period of construction by the Greeks or renovations made by the Romans. The building, however, was in use almost continuously for two millennia, which includes Byzantine and Ottoman phases. Pamela Webb, a classical archaeologist, examines the Tower throughout its entire functional existence. A series of appendices helps to put the Tower in broader context for the post-classical periods. Winner of the 2016 John Frederick Lewis Award. Full-color illus.

This is a comprehensive overview of Parmigianino’s enigmatic painting of The Madonna of the Long Neck. It treats the subject in terms of iconography, semiotics, studio practice, and art theory. The painting is not merely an example of mannerist extravagance, but that the Virgin in her extraordinary distension can be explained by a litany in Ecclesiasticus, with her enlargement read as a signifier of her mercy. Parmigianino’s panel is interpreted as an Immaculate Conception. Because the magisterium had not fully defined the belief as dogma, the theological debate confused the artist and his contemporaries, but also gave them flexibility in their depictions of this abstract doctrine. The subject’s genesis as a theological exercise is traced through the artist’s drawings. Illustrations in full color and b&w.

This illustrated book explores the fascinating history of the natural sciences in the turbulent years of post-revolutionary and Restoration France, from Empress Josephine’s black swans and rare Franklinia tree to a giraffe that walked 480 miles across France to greet the king. It is the catalogue for an international loan exhibition held in 2011 at the APS Museum in Philadelphia and the record of an associated interdisciplinary symposium held at the American Philosophical Society (APS) on December 1-3, 2011. The essays, commentaries, and discussions present new perspectives on French natural history, its influence on French culture, and its ties to the natural sciences in North America. Contributors include art historians, historians of science, and scholars of French literature, history, and culture. Illus.

Provides the first complete edition, annotated and with modernized spelling, of these important late-Elizabethan letters, written by Rowland Whyte as the personal agent and advisor at court of Robert Sidney, Viscount Lisle and first Earl of Leicester. His series of 292 surviving letters to Sidney, written between September 1595 and December 1602, were partly intended as intelligence documents, keeping Sidney fully briefed on court affairs and gossip. This edition also includes a shorter sequence of Whyte’s surviving letters to Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, concerning the marriage of Talbot’s daughter, Lady Mary, to Robert Sidney’s rich and increasingly powerful nephew, William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. A useful resource for the last years of Queen Elizabeth’s reign. Illus.

The bittersweet message of this volume is at once Robert Cushman Murphy’s celebration of the magnificent environment and history of Long Island that inspired him; a chronicle of man’s destructive tendencies as they found focus on this sandy strand; and a gentle warning to change our ways. Although it weaves history and natural history into a time-sequenced story, this is not just a book about the past. Its broad scope still provides a Rosetta Stone enabling all who would know to decipher the hieroglyphics of ecology. The relationship between nature and humans will continue to be of paramount importance to this earth, and both sides of the equation will continue to benefit from the quiet message of this book. Illustrations.

The Precolumbian Maya were closely attuned to the movements of the Sun and the Moon, the stars and the planets. Their rituals and daily tasks were performed according to a timetable established by these celestial bodies, a timetable based on a highly complex calendar system. Agriculture provided the foundation for their civilization, and the skies served as a kind of farmer’s almanac for when to plant and when to harvest. In this remarkable volume, noted Maya scholars Harvey Bricker and Victoria Bricker offer invaluable insight into the complex world of the Precolumbian Maya, and in particular the amazing achievements of Maya astronomy, as revealed in the Maya codices the indigenous hieroglyphic books written before the Spanish Conquest. This far-reaching study confirms that, independent of the Old World traditions that gave rise to modern Western astronomy, the Precolumbian Maya achieved a sophisticated knowledge of astronomy based on observations recorded over centuries. Illus.

Markham’s 60 drawings are the earliest-known set of textile machine maker’s workshop drawings in the U.S. prepared primarily for cotton machinery but also for wool carding and spinning equipment. Prepared between 1814 and 1825, this book includes an examination of its provenance, a biography of the draftsman, and an analysis of the historical contexts shaping both draftsman and drawings. His drawings are evidence of the transition from pre-industrial to industrial visual forms of technical knowledge, and of a much wider knowledge revolution in the U.S. The drawings also demonstrate the ubiquity of inventiveness at the extremity of the well-known American and transatlantic mechanic networks. Black and white and color plates.

When Ben Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts and syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 and 1769. This is the third of 3 vols. of sketches that represent, "the first systematic attempt to collect and preserve data on the lives of [the Society's first] members" and add much to our knowledge of the history and culture of 18th-cent. America. Contents: History of the Society; Sketches of Members inducted from Nov. 1767-1768; Reflections and Observations; Consolidated Index to volumes 1, 2, and 3.

In the mid-19th century, Dr. Isaac Israel Hayes was a member of the Amer. arctic expedition under the command of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane in search of the lost British explorer Sir John Franklin. Through his own hard fought experiences, combined with the knowledge learned from Polar Eskimos, he successfully influenced the course of Arctic discovery. As an elected politician in New York State during its Gilded Age, Hayes served the ‘public good’ for a decade, with accomplishments as far reaching as his Arctic service. In this book, the story emerges of a remarkable but forgotten explorer, writer, politician, and humanitarian who epitomized the rugged and restless spirit of adventure and individualism of 19th-century America. Illustrations.

Collinson’s life is a microcosm of 18th-cent. natural history. A gardener and naturalist by avocation, he was what we would now call a facilitator in natural science, disseminating botanical and horticultural knowledge during the Enlightenment. He influenced the Comte de Buffon and Linnaeus. He found clients for the Phila. naturalist John Bartram. American plants populated great estates like those of the Dukes of Richmond, Norfolk, and Bedford, as well as the Chelsea Physic Garden, and the nurseries of James Gordon and Robert Furber. Botanic painters such as Mark Catesby and Georg Dionysius Ehret painted American plants in Collinson’s garden. He had an unprecedented effect on the exchange of scientific info. on both sides of the Atlantic. Illus.

This English translation of Le Rider’s study of the coinage and financial policy of Alexander the Great brings the magisterial scholarship of one of the world’s greatest living numismatists before an Anglophone public. For more than 40 years Le Rider has published fundamental studies on the coinages of the ancient Middle East and eastern Mediterranean world, particularly from the time of Philip II (Alexander’s father), and Alexander himself. Throughout his career Le Rider has demonstrated a rare ability to combine the meticulous analysis of coins with interpretations that convey the historical significance of the finds. This study draws the reader from detailed analysis and scholarly controversy into a compelling evocation of a pragmatic world conqueror. Illus.

Deals with the history of eyeglasses from their invention in Italy ca. 1286 to the appearance of the telescope three cent. later. “By the end of the 16th cent. eyeglasses were as common in western and central Europe as desktop computers are in western developed countries today.” Eyeglasses served an important technological function at both the intellectual and practical level, not only easing the textual studies of scholars but also easing the work of craftsmen/small bus. During the 15th cent. two crucial developments occurred: the ability to grind convex lenses for various levels of presbyopia and the ability to grind concave lenses for the correction of myopia. As a result, eyeglasses could be made almost to prescription by the early 17th cent. Illus.

George Sarton animated the discipline of history of science (HoS) in America. This vol. traces his youth & educ. in Belgium, & his marriage to Mabel Elwes. It follows the Sarton’s in their path from idealistic refugees fleeing the invasion of Belgium in 1914 to destitute intellectuals at Harvard Univ. For 50 years, HoS as an acad. specialty owed much to Sarton’s visions & anxieties, esp. as they were expressed in his marriage. Mabel Sarton sustained his enterprise & contributed to its form, which included parts of socialism, pacifism, aesthetics, & faith. Themes present in Sarton’s early work include the common endeavor of artists & scientists, the private nature of scientific innovation, & the HoS as a bridge between the humanities & the natural sciences. Illus.

Between 1796 & 1800 Baron Peter von Braun, a rich businessman & manager of Vienna’s court theaters, transformed his estate at Schonau into an English-style landscape park. The most celebrated building was the Temple of Night, a domed rotunda accessible only through a meandering rockwork grotto. A life-size statue of the goddess Night on a chariot pulled by two horses presided over the Temple, while from the dome, came the sounds of a mechanical musical instrument. Only the ruins survive, & the Temple has received little scholarly attention. This book brings it back to life by assembling the descriptions of it by early 19th-cent. eyewitnesses. “Will appeal to anyone interested in the history of garden design, arch., theater, & music.” Illus.

Beginning in the 1950s, Edwin Wolf 2nd embarked on a biblio’l. quest to reconstruct the library of Benjamin Franklin, which was the largest & best private library in Amer. at the time of his death & was subsequently dispersed. The contents of Franklin’s library were virtually unknown until Wolf identified the unique shelfmarks that Franklin used to organize his books. That discovery allowed Wolf to locate 2,700 titles in 1,000 vols. that Franklin actually owned. Wolf also identified a further 700 titles owned by Franklin. After wolf’s death, Kevin Hayes took up the project & brought it to fruition. This catalogue includes almost 4,000 books known to have been owned by Franklin, & the Intro. tells the complete story of Franklin’s library, its dispersal, & its reconstruction.

In 1901 Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in med. for serum therapy against diphtheria, a disease that killed thousands of infants annually. Diphtheria serum was the first major cure of the bacteriological era and its develop. generated procedures for testing, standardizing, and regulating drugs. Emphasizes Behring’s contrib. to the study of infectious disease, the formation of modern immunology, and research on remedies and vaccines against microbial infections. Explores his relations to the rival bacteriological schools of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the emergent German pharmaceutical industry, and the institutionalization of experimental therapeutic research. Also contains translations of 13 key articles by Behring and his assoc.

An excellent biography of John Haygarth, an important 18th-century physician who is most well known for his visionary plan to eliminate smallpox from Great Britain through the careful practice of inoculation & isolation. Haygarth made many more innovative & far-reaching contributions to medicine & to philanthropy. He became a physician in Chester in 1767. There he introduced separate wards in the Chester Infirmary where patients with fever could be isolated & cared for. It was the stimulus for the development of the fever hospitals of 19th cent. England. He also played a major role in the foundation of the Bath Provident Institution for savings, a model for the savings-bank movement in England. Black & white illustrations.

From the summer of 1842 through the fall of 1843, Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne kept a common journal of their daily lives in a notebook. The journal records the ordinary events and activities that occupied them as newlyweds: walks through the countryside around Concord, appraisals of their new home, encounters with neighbors (among them Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau), descriptions of the weather and the changing seasons -- all material that Hawthorne would later draw on for the preface to his second collection of tales, “Mosses from an Old Manse” (1846). Its most persistent note, however, is the mutual expression of marital happiness. This volume makes available for the first time a full facsimile edition of the journal.

Musicologists are increasingly focusing upon less formal private "institutions" and traditions of patronage: informal acad. and soc, the activities of individuals, and convivial aristocratic co. Early 16th-cent. Florence was characterized by the practices of a series of these vital institutions. Such informal institutions had considerable virtues as agents of patronage; their less routinized practices freed them to engage in experimentation that the more formal institutions would not support. This study reconstructs the memberships, cultural activities, and musical exper. of these informal Florentine institutions and relates them to the emergence of the madrigal, the foremost musical genre of early-modern Europe. Richly illus. with visual materials and musical examples.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, & the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the 18th-century and who was called ”the greatest natural botanist in the world.” The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia & John Bartram Association. Color & black & white illustrations.

Examines the commission of the Vatican tomb of Pope Alexander VIII Ottoboni by his great-nephew Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. Although neglected for centuries, the Ottoboni monument occupies the most strategic liturgical position in the complex of tombs in the Vatican basilica. It is impressive in scale, & offers a commanding presence on the path from the papal entryway to the apse & main altar, with a majestic papal effigy, a visually compelling narrative relief carving, & symbolically important allegories. Using unpublished archival documents in the Vatican & Lateran archives, this study discusses in detail the 30-year campaign for the construction of the tomb & identifies the artists & artisans responsible for the project. The monograph is comprehensive in its stylistic analysis, exploration of iconography, discussion of liturgical practice, & consideration of studio procedures beginning with patron & artist, architect & sculptors, & sculptor & artisans. reveals why the project required three decades to complete. "A well-written, informative, & important monograph. And, in the process, he has expanded our understanding of contemporary workshop practice and art making in the Rome of the later Baroque period. There are sections where the author's meticulous care & insightful reconstruction of events gives the reader a sense of ""being there"" in the day-to-day process of work on the site. These parts make for especially exciting and engaging reading." -- "An absolutely wonderful piece of work."

More than five centuries after his birth, the contradictions embodied by the Florentine sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560) remain as mysterious as ever. Revered by contemporaries as one of the most important sculptors of his time, he was reviled by his enemies as a truculent, foul-mouthed, avaricious, sycophantic, craven humbug. But the originality & power of Bandinelli's work, & the long shadow it cast over the arts in 16th-cent. Florence & Rome, are as clear today as they were to the artists Medici patrons, who recognized his art as a potent tool for constructing an image of dynastic legitimacy. Based on a decade of research in archives all over Italy, this book brings this great, but often neglected, Renaissance artist into sharper focus for modern scholarship. It comprises a comprehensive collection of the documentation on Bandinelli's life & work. The great majority of the texts included in this volume were discovered by the author & are published for the first time, & many come from the private archive of the Bandinelli family. All the documents are furnished with historical commentary and textual apparatus discussing their broader historical context, problems of chronology & interpretation, & later interpolations -- including hundreds of forged passages inserted by the artist's grandson, genealogist Baccio Bandinelli the Younger (1578-1636), whose role as forger of the Bandinelli legacy is exposed here for the first time. "An incomparable achievement of scholarship". "A very sizable contribution to the entire range of the Renaissance art historical academic community".

A history of the early years of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, & the life & career of James Bowdoin, the Academy's first president. The strength of the work rests in a combination of its subject matter & execution. The subject matter is both intrinsically interesting & simultaneously neglected. Neither the accomplishments of Bowdoin nor the contributions of the members of the Academy have been adequately studied, & the Manuel's careful exploration is a valuable addition to our understanding of the founding of the nation. Using primary manuscript sources, the work is, by turns, witty, learned, & often simply fascinating. An incomparable account of one of Revolutionary America's most elusive & fascinating figures.

Up to & including the Age of Discoveries, the wealth of the East was thought in Europe to consist primarily of spices & aromatics. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, & sandalwood all were thought to come from a few small islands in easternmost Indonesia, which no European reached before 1500. Yet supplies of these luxury products were reaching China, India, western Asia, & the Mediterranean lands more than a thousand years earlier. This study of Moluccan spices opens with their natural history & nomenclature, & the discovery of the Islands by Europeans near the opposing (& controversial) limits of Spanish & Portuguese jurisdiction. Donkin traces the expanding interest & long-distance trade in cloves, nutmeg, & sandalwood, first to India & then to the adjacent Arabo-Persian world. The medieval West & China lay on the margins of diffusion, the former in touch with the Levant, the latter with the trading world of South East Asia.

This catalogue of the astronomical manuscripts preserved at the Maharaja Man Singh Museum provides a substantial part of the foundation for an extensive & penetrating analysis of the astronomical activities of Saw Jayasimha Maharaja from 1700 to 1743. Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic & Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu & Muslim observers, & produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.

Copepod crustaceans are the most numerous multicellular animals on earth. They occur in every free-living and parasitic aquatic niche. Copepods have been known since the time of Aristotle, yet there has never been a history of the study of copepods. This volume, the first in a planned three-volume series, reviews the discoveries of copepods to 1832, the year that the two distinct branches, the free-living copepods (long-known as insects) and the parasitic copepods (thought to be molluscs or worms) were finally acknowledged as members of the same Class Crustacea. The narrative includes the biographies of 90 early copepodologists and recounts their most important contributions to science. Portraits are included for two-thirds of the subjects, with considerable new material as well as information and illustrations from obscure sources. Milestones include the first description of copepods (ca. 350 B.C.), the first illustration (1554), the first free-living freshwater copepod (1688), the first explanation of a free-living copepod's metamorphosis (1756), the first permanently named copepod (1758), the first free-living marine copepod (1770), and the first description of a parasitic copepod's metamorphosis (1819). The work ends with a transition to the mid-19th century, previewing numerous personal connections that pointed toward copepodology's Golden Age in the 1890s, to be covered in Volume 2. A final volume will take the history of the study of copepods to ca. 1950.

For the people of Chuuk and for students of religion and Micronesian culture, this book pulls together and makes available in English the somewhat scattered published accounts (largely in German), along with Goodenough's own (as yet unpublished) information about religious beliefs and ritual practices in pre-Christian Chuuk. The materials are presented in a way that seeks to document and illustrate a particular approach, a functional one, to understanding the kinds of human concerns that give rise to religious behavior. Simply to describe traditional beliefs and rituals without the relevant social background information leaves the reader without any feeling for what were the emotional concerns, engendered by life in Chuukese society, that ritual practices helped people address. Ward Goodenough offers a theoretical introduction, the necessary background information about Chuuk and the ways in which members of Chuukese society experienced themselves and their fellows, the world view and overall set of beliefs providing the intellectual framework within which ritual practices were formulated and understood, and the various bodies of ritual practices. He concludes the book with a summary that pulls together how the rituals described appear to related to the emotional concerns that growing up and living in Chuuk tended to create.

Chemistry as it is known today is deeply rooted in a variety of thought & action, dating back at least as far as the fifth century B.C. In this book, Joseph Fruton weaves together the history of scientific investigation with social, religious, philosophical, & other events & practices that have contributed to the field of modern chemistry. The story begins with the influence of alchemy on early Greek numerology and philosophy, followed by the historical account of chemical composition and phlogiston. The life and work of Antoine Lavoisier receive extensive coverage in Chapter Three, with the remaining six chapters devoted to atoms, equivalents, and elements; radicals and types; valence and molectualr structure; stereochemistry and organic synthesis; forces, equilibria, and rates; and electrons, reaction mechanisms, and organic synthesis.

Forget not Mee & My Garden. . . , Peter Collinson wrote his Maryland friend George Robins in 1721. "If you have any Shells, Curious Stones, or any other Naturall Curiosity Remember Mee. I want one of your Humming Birds which you may send dry'd in its Feathers, and any Curious Insect." This theme echoed through Collinson's letters for the rest of his life, along with thanks for rarities received, introductions, cultivation instructions, encouragements, importunings, queries. Armstrong describes Collinson's correspondence as, "vigorous, brisk, and emphatic." His letters talk mainly of plants, but there are also antiquities, birds, butterflies, British imperial interests, sheep management in Spain, electricity, weather, fossils, insects, earthquakes, vine culture, Colonial policy, tithes, wars, terrapins, "an Infalible Remedy for the bite of a Mad Dog,' red Indians, astronomy, the making of salt, cheese fairs, the price of wheat, the power of snakes to charm, the Spanish threat to Florida, geology, French expansion," Hints . . . to Incorporate the Germans more with the [Pennsylvania] English. . . , the history of rice growing, premiums to encourage the production of silk, whether swallows migrate or winter-over under water, "Old Hock" as a remedy for gout, thundergusts, magnetism, Bezoar stones, & now & then a Quakerly comment. This selection of 187 letters is enhanced with over 120 illustrations (portraits and botanical drawings among them), some by Mark Catesby, Georg Dionysius Ehret, William Bartram, many in color. Includes notes & commentary for most letters.

In this comprehensive catalogue of the work of the 15th-century painter and draftsman, Stefano da Verona (1375-ca. 1438), Karet reviews past scholarship and corrects old misunderstandings that produced an inconsistent, heterogeneous and misinformed corpus. Her attributions are based on stylistic arguments, technical analysis, and the relationship of the drawings to a limited number of secure paintings by this important Late Gothic North Italian painter. The restricted but sound body of works Stefano da Verona executed is compiled in rich catalogue entries that include discussions of style, iconography, patronage, paper and sketchbook analysis, important issues of workshop production and of the history of drawings and collectionism.

A catalog of the portraits in the Independence Nat. Historic Park collection. These portraits consist of 255 works, 109 of them by Charles Willson Peale. Many are likenesses of heroes of the Amer. Revolution and founders of Amer. gov't., statesmen, jurists, men of science, art and letters. The collection was enhanced by the addition of the works of notable 18th and 19th cent. Anglo-Amer. artists. There are two sections: a history of the collection dividing it in chapters covering works pre-1950, 1850-1900 and 1900-1951, and a catalog. Each catalog entry is enhanced with either a black and white or four-color reproduction and contains a physical description of the portrait, a biography of the subject, the circumstance of the portrait's commission and its provenance.

Following in the succession of his 25 predecessors, Leon Abbett twice served as governor of New Jersey in the late 19nth century. A lifelong Democrat, he was a dynamic and visionary party leader who guided the citizens of New Jersey into a new urban industrial age. While he was a machine politician and party boss, he was also a notable reformer. That was a formidable combination for his time. Grappling with a series of hot political issues and braving the passions and divisions spawned by the Civil War, Abbett was one of the ablest and most intriguing men ever to be governor. Several new ideas were transformed into public policy during his tenure. Both in style and strategy, Abbett represented a sharp break from his predecessors. He was a prime example of a governor who both in crisis and in ordinary times broadened gubernatorial authority. He became both a policy and party leader. In this context, he was an important forerunner to a type of governor that had not yet appeared on the American political stage.

Humphry Davy’s contemporaries bestowed on him their highest honors. Since Davy’s death in 1829, each scholarly generation has accrued info. about him & his colleagues. His startling discoveries of the scientifically novel, his isolation & identification of 7 new elements, & his association of electrical properties & chemical behavior coupled with his fame as a lecturer, made him a popular cultural hero. Others saw him as the man who had made agriculture “scientific.” Davy’s refusal to profit financially from his invention of the miners’ safety lamp endeared him to those humanitarians who idealized scientists as members of an altruistic brotherhood. Here is a readable, thoroughly researched biography of Davy’s early life. Illus.

Chu Hsi (1130-1200) exerted a lasting influence on the thought and life of the Chinese in subsequent cent. The core of his synthesis was moral and social philosophy, but it also included knowledge about the natural world. His doctrine of ke-wu (invest. of things) made him mindful of the specialized knowledged in such “scientific” traditions as astronomy, harmonics, med., etc. This study of Chu Hsi’s thought gives a systematic account of the basic concepts of his natural philosophy. Also discusses Chu Hsi’s actual knowledge about the natural world. And examines the relation between Chu Hsi and Chinese “scientific” traditions and compares his natural knowledge with that of the Western scientific tradition.

Contents: State codes; Municipal & County Codes; Rules of Court; Reports of Cases; Official Court Records in Print; Accounts of Trials; Indexes, Digests, & Encyclopedias; Form Books; Law Treatises Printed Before 1950; Criminal Law Books; 19th-Century Law Journals; 20th-Century Legal Periodicals; Legal Education; Academic Law Libraries; William & Mary Law Library; Public Law Librarians; The Norfolk Law Library; Private Law Libraries Before 1776; Private Law Libraries After 1776; Public Printers; J.W. Randolph; The Michie Company; General Virginia Bibliography; Index of Authors & Editors; & Subject Index.

This biography of one of the world’s foremost demographers traces in addition to Ansley Coale’s own life and work, the progress of worldwide demographic research in the 20th century. One chapter records the important work of his mentor, Frank Notestein, particularly on fertilty, and contraception’s effect on it, as well as his founding of the Office of Population Research at Princeton, an institution vitally important in Ansley Coale’s career. Coale’s professional activities took him in such various directions as professor of economics at Princeton, studying population and economic development in low-income countries, research on the European Fertility Project, stabilizing analytical demography: including the study of stable populations, correcting bad data in the U.S. and other countries, and creating demographic models for mortality, fertility and marriage. As U.S. representative on the UN Population Commission he served as an advisor to Africa, Europe, Latin America and Asia and participated in the International Union for Scientific Study of Population. Coale directed the Office of Population Research between 1959 and 1973 and was Senior Research Demographer there until the late 1980s. One of his major focuses has been the social implications of atomic energy. He has received many honors and is the author of many articles and several books on population. Photos.

Henry Rowland (1848-1901) was one of the most important figures in the founding of modern physics in the U.S. A principal founder and first pres. of the Amer. Physical Soc., he is best known for his invention of the concave spectral grating for which he won a gold medal and grand prize at the 1890 Paris Exposition. A grad. of Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. in civil engineering, Rowland was prof. of physics at Johns Hopkins Univ., where he had the principal part in forming the first school of Amer. physicists to be professionally trained in the U.S. In this vol., Sweetnam, using Rowland’s papers and those of his colleagues and students, has written the first scholarly exposition of Rowland’s work.

Papers given at a conference on Scientific Exploration in North America to 1930 with topics including Cartography, Oceanic Exploration, Art, Anthropology, Lewis and Clark, and the West. This book adds much to our quest for knowledge of who and where we are by illuminating such themes as the role of maps and mapmaking in defining our national identify, the origins of Western exploration, the cultural clash found in the best-selling account of a 19th-century physician-explorer with Arctic peoples, the role of art in the service of science in bringing these newly discovered places and peoples into the Amer. parlor, and the impact of Mormon farming techniques on John Wesley Powell’s famed 1878 Arid Region Report. Black and white maps and illus.

Continues Clagett's studies of the various aspects of the science of Ancient Egypt. Like its predecessors, it has two main objectives: first to summarize & analyze the principal features of a nascent & yet important part of that science, namely its mathematics, & second to present in English six of the most important mathematical documents on which the preceding analysis was based. Thus we find treated in the first part of the work Egyptian measurement that lay behind the various calculating procedures, the procedures themselves, & the model problems that were gathered together to aid the calculators in their efforts to complete practical measures. Includes detailed descriptions of the various kinds of tables that the Egyptians depended upon in their calculations, an important one being the Table of Two that presented the division of 2 by the odd numbers from 3 to 101. This table reveals the nature of Egyptian fractions & their form of notation as the sums of unit fractions, a form leading to the use of a concept very useful for measurement, that of significant fractional approximations achieved by dropping one or more of the lesser fractions at the end of a set of unit fractions. The Table of Two occupies the first section of the most important of all Egyptian mathematical documents, the Rhind Papyrus, the papyrus which stands at the head of the documents in Part II of the volume. Following the series of documents in Part II with their extensive endnotes, the author gives in Part III a bibliography, an Index of Egyptian Terms, & an Index of Proper Names & Subjects. Includes an extensive collection of illustrations along with pertinent diagrams & tables, & reproductions of the hieratic texts of the documents with their hieroglyphic transcriptions.

Joseph Csaky (1888-1971), a neglected pioneer of early Modernism, was a native of Hungary who became a dedicated member of the Parisian avant-garde. He took part in the 1912 Section d’Or Exhibition, considered by many to mark the high point of the Cubist movement. He was an intimate friend of such innovative giants as Picasso, Braque, & Lager. One of the first artists to apply Cubist principles to sculpture, Csaky produced a substantial body of work comparable in quality to that of Brancusi & Archipenko; yet he spent the last 30 years of his life in obscurity & was virtually destitute at his death. This ground breaking study includes a detailed discussion of his career, over 100 illus. of his major sculpture, & a translation of the artist’s autobio. that provides a wealth of new info. about the early Parisian avant-garde.

When Ben Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts & syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. Bell, records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 & 1769. This is the second of 3 vols. of sketches that represent, "the first systematic attempt to collect & preserve data on the lives of [the Society's first] members" & add much to our knowledge of the history & culture of 18th-cent. America. Contents: Sketches of Members inducted from 8 April-20 Dec. 1768; History of the Medical Soc. 1766-1768 & Sketches of Members; & Portraits of 31 Members.

Presents 200 hitherto unpub. astronomical texts & horoscopes written in Greek on papyrus, which were excavated a century ago in the rubbish heaps of Oxyrhynchus, a district capital of Roman Egypt. Through these documents we obtain the first coherent picture of the range of astronomical activity, chiefly in the service of astrology, during the Roman Empire. The astronomy of this period turns out to have been much more varied than we previously thought, with Babylonian arithmetical methods of prediction coexisting with tables based on geometrical models of orbits. Editions of the texts are accomp. by facing translations & explanatory & philological commentaries. The intro. provides the first comprehensive treatment of astronomical papyri, explaining their contents & purpose, the underlying astronomical theories, & strategies for analyzing & dating them. Tables & graphs.

Useful Knowledge: What will it be for the next millennium? In five symposia, members of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. asked this question in April 1999 at the Society’s Millennium Meet. Contents: (1) Math & Physical Sciences: The Laws of Nature; Our Concepts of the Cosmos, Progress, Prospects & Mysteries; Math & Computing; Global Warming: Does Science Matter?; & The Molecular Biology of Huntington’s Disease; (2): Biological Sci.: Scientists & the Public: An Ambivalent Partnership; Cancer: The Revolution & the Challenges; Wiring the Brain: Dynamic Interplay between Nature & Nurture; & A Neuroscience of Memory for the 21st Cent.; (3) Social Sci.: Nat. Sovereignty & Human Rights; Econ. Becomes a Science -- Or Does It?; & A Millennium of Economics in Twenty Minutes: In Pursuit of Useful Knowledge; (4) Humanities: Art & Architectural History in the 20th Cent.; More Than One Millennium: The Perennial Return of the History of Religions; & Singularity in an Age of Globalization; & (5) The Professions, Arts & Affairs: 100 Yrs. of the Renaissance; Race & Admission to Univ.; Health Care in a Democratic Soc.; & Culture & Democracy in America. Illus.

Man has been intrigued by the origin of pearls, sensitive to their beauty, and convinced of their medicinal value for at least 5 cent. A mixture of folklore and observation preceded the earliest scientific inquiries. Fishing and trade commenced in S. Asia, between India and Sri Lanka and around the Persian Gulf. In W. and Central Europe, Inner Asia and China, and N. Amer. Freshwater pearls were probably known and treasured before those of marine origin. A refined nomenclature points to a long familiarity with etymologically related words for ‘pearl’. Pearls were prominent among the luxury products of world trade and were high among the objectives of expeditions to the eastern and western Tropics. Illustrations.

Contents: Brief Biography of the Composer; Sources; Description of the Oboe Concertos; Facsimiles of Various Pages of the Autograph Manuscripts of the Oboe Concertos; and the actual Scores for Concerto No. 1 in E-flat; Concerto No. 2 in C; Concerto No. 3 in C, and Movement of an Oboe Concerto, in C.

German born Jacques Loeb was both a biologist (nominated for the Nobel Prize in Med. in 1901) & political activist. The authors highlight Loeb's organizational actions & political opinions during the years of 1906 to 1924, the year he died. As a social activist & scientist, Loeb influenced the scientific community, the politically sensitive public, & ultimately the population against conservative & reactionary attitudes toward race, ethnicity, poverty, criminality, war & religion.” He took positions on WW 1, social activism, his influence on the economist Thorstein Veblen & finally philosophy & politics. Loeb was hailed early in his career for his work on spontaneous generation of marine embryos & recognized later for his active challenge to social intolerance.

Francis Reginald Wingate (1861-1953) was a major figure in the political, administrative, and military history of the Middle East from the early 1880s until the end of WWI. As dir. of military intelligence in the British-officered Egyptian Army during the Sudan campaigns; as sirdar (commander-in-chief) of that army and gov.-gen. of the Sudan during the formative period of its colonial admin.; and as high commissioner in Egypt during the latter half of the first world war and the crisis that led to the Egyptian revolution of 1919, he stands with Cromer and Kitchener as architects of the British empire in the Middle East. Yet Wingate has received much less notice than his famous contemporaries such as Gordon of Khartoum and Lawrence of Arabia. This biography corrects the historical imbalance. Illus.

A study of the educational opportunities offered after WW1 to Amer. soldiers of the Amer. Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Some stayed in Europe and studied art, attended classes at the Sorbonne, took medical courses at London’s Fellowship of Med., read law at the Inns of Court, enrolled in veterinary classes at the Univ. of Edinburgh, and studied French culture and language at numerous French univ. and inst. About 10,000 men were involved in these programs. In addition, 10,000 soldier-students attended the AEF’s own univ. at Beaune. For a few months in the spring of 1919, this univ. was the largest in the English-speaking world. Other educational opportunities of various sorts were made available to virtually every soldier in the AEF. Illustrations.

The massive invasion of Japan planned for Nov., 1945 required accurate knowledge of the weather conditions that moved across the Japanese Islands from Siberia. The U.S. Navy MOKO Expedition was sent to Siberia to forecast the weather for the invasion forces. The MOKO Expedition arrived in Siberia on 24 Aug. 1945 and became operational on 15 Oct. 1945. The desperate efforts to set up a major weather station in time for the planned invasion were successful in spite of the exasperating tactics of the Soviets, the incredibly cold weather, and the primitive environment. Yoder served as an meteorologist on the expedition. Here is his story of the U.S. Navy Expedition. Photos and maps.

Kepler is remembered for the 3 laws of planetary motion known after him. Rejecting the view of those who regarded astronomical hypotheses as mathematical fictions, he sought to derive the true motions of the planets from physical causes. Yet he combined his search for physical causes with a vision of the world as a manifestation of divine harmony. This led him to consider the formal causes or archetypes underlying the world’s construction. Kepler’s favorite astronomical work, Harmony of the World (HW), was planned in 1599, although it was not completed and published until 1619. Here, the translators have put the HW into the kind of clear but earnest language which they suppose Kepler would have used if he had been writing today. Illustrations.

When Benjamin Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts and syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the American Philosophical Society. Bell records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 and 1769. This volume includes biographies of some of the Society's best known members such as Franklin, David Rittenhouse, John Bartram, Benjamin Rush, John Dickinson, Thomas Hopkinson and many lesser known merchants, artisans, farmers, physicians, lawyers and clergymen with familiar surnames such as Biddle, Colden, and Morris. Illustrations.

Two gifted 18th-century Londoners, Lord Charles Cavendish and his preeminent son, the Honorable Henry Cavendish, were descendants of paired revolutions, one political and the other scientific. Scions of a powerful revolutionary family, they gave a highly original turn to their understanding of public service. Lord Charles began his career as a Member of Parliament and ended it as an officer of the Royal Society, and his son Henry made a complete life within science, in the course of which he demonstrated skills that rank him with the greatest scientists of all time. In the history of British aristocracy, in high tide following the revolutionary settlement, there was no action more remarkable than Henry Cavendish gently laying delicate weights in the pan of his incomparable precision balance. Illustrations.

Frank Norris (1870-1902) has long been recognized by cultural historians as a “touchstone” figure, clearly signaling in 1899 the emergence of an Amer. school of Literary Naturalism. “McTeague: A Story of San Francisco” secured this honor for him that year as it registered more fully than any previous Amer. novel the Darwinian view of life that is the essential characteristic of all subsequent Naturalistic fictions. It thus marked as well the rejection of the Victorian Era’s habitually idealistic representations of human nature and its basically religious world-view, offering instead a post-metaphysical portrait of the human condition that has remained popular in 20th-cent. literary and intellectual circles. Includes all of the known writings of Norris published between 11 April 1896 and 1897. Illus.

Yokes, hachas and palmas (YH&P) are 3 extraordinary pre-Columbian art forms that occur in a specific region of Mexico and Central Amer. and have no counterparts anywhere else. Although research proves that the names by which they are known have no bearing on their function, these misnomers have persisted. The practice of carving YH&P originated in the state of Veracruz in Mexico where they have been fairly well documented and considered exclusive paraphernalia of the ceremonial pre-Columbian ballgames. This vol. focuses on the YH&P that are from outside of Veracruz, in the peripheral Maya area of Southern Mesoamerica (Chiapas, Tabasco, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador). Reprint of Hardcover edition. Hundreds of b&w illus.

This study of ideological politics in Victorian and Edwardian England centers on a referendal theory promoted by the great Lord Salisbury when he opposed William Gladstone’s Liberal gov’ts. It was subsequently carried forward in the form of the referendum by Salisbury’s son-in-law and ideological heir, the second Lord Selborne. Salisbury is today recognized as the most successful electorally of Conservative leaders. Selborne, though not as well known to historians, had a high contemporary reputation as an imperial proconsul who had united S. Africa. According to the referendal theory, the House of Lords had a duty to refer disputed legislation to the electorate when the House of Commons, in the lords’ judgment, lacked a mandate for the measure in question. That is, the lords’ political barometer was not the commons, as Gladstone contended, but the nat. at large. If this proposition prevailed, the lords could freely exercise an independent legislative veto in an age of expanding democracy. Not until the Liberals passed the Parliament Act (1911) were they able to counter the theory effectively. But well before this, Selborne’s advocacy of the referendum was challenged by another Conservative leader, Lord Curzon, who had served for a decade as viceroy of India. Their rivalry is one of this study’s most provocative and illuminating themes.

There are no surviving documents that explain Michelangelo’s complex sculptural program for the Medici Chapel. The work as we have it is no more than an unfinished, fragmentary realization of the artist’s original conception. Here, Balas contends that the artist deliberately veiled his meaning in obscurity, making his images, like the language of Neoplatonic philosophers, intelligible only to an intellectual elite. Assuming the role of the Magus, Michelangelo conceived a cryptic, magical world of potent allegorical images designed not simply or primarily to commemorate the departed Medici but to help achieve elevation for their souls. Illustrations.

On the basis of newly-discovered Russian and British archival sources, Prof. Kaplan makes important scholarly contributions to 18th-cent. economic history. He demonstrates that there was not only a symbiotic economic relationship between Russia and Great Britain, but also that Russia contributed greatly to Britain’s industrial revolution and its imperial strategic military and political power during the second half of the 18th cent. Kaplan is the first to estimate the real balance of payments between the two countries. Kaplan’s meticulous analysis of Anglo-Russian commercial treaties as well as Russian tariffs, which were intended to undermine them, reveals policies that both countries undertook to advance their respective maritime and mercantile power. Charts and tables.

The 2nd of 3 vols. by Prof. Marshall Clagett on Ancient Egyptian Science. Contents: Part I: Intro. to Egyptian Calendars; Parker’s Account of the Old Lunar Calendar; The Later Lunar Calendar; The Origin of the Civil Calendar; Sothic Dates & the Ebers Calendar; The Night Hours; Decanal Clocks; Transit Decanal Clocks; The Ramesside Star Clock; Outflow Water Clocks; Inflow Water Clocks; Shadow Clocks; Egyptian Sundials; Traces of a 24-hour Day with Equal Hours; Astronomical Ceilings & Other Monuments; The Ceiling of the Secret Tomb of Senmut; The Vaulted Ceiling of Hall K in Seti I’s Tomb; Egyptian Zodiacs. Part II: Documents. Part III: Bibliography & Indexes. Part IV: Illustrations.

Originally pub. in 1973; reprinted in 1994. Presents tables giving the dates of all new and full moons during an historical era when these data were of considerable interest and importance. The longitudes of the moon at each of these times is also given, as is a consecutive enumeration of the conjunctions and a similar one of the oppositions. All dates are reckoned in the Julian calendar. These dates and times are calculated for an observer in Babylon, or equivalently Baghdad, since this location is fairly centrally located for the historians of the period. The time used is civil time and is based on a 24-hour clock with its origin at midnight. Since this vol. may be considered as a suppl. to Tuckerman’s tables, all fundamental astronomical elements have been taken from them.

Aleksei Ziuzin’s embassy to London in November 1613 added a new dimension to James I’s schemes for an alliance with the Protestant kingdoms of the north. Editors Jansson, Bushkovitch, and Rogozhin have divided their study into 3 sections -- a long historical introduction, Ziuzin’s account of the embassy, and appendices. The introduction analyzes England’s later 16th and early 17th century relations with Denmark, Poland, the Empire, Sweden and Russia. By treating relations with Russia as integral to English foreign policy, the work challenges the usual linking of English interests with that of the Muscovy Company of English merchants. For the first time, documents heretofore inaccessible in the West are made available in English translation -- producing a valuable addition to English and Russian history. Now scholars can begin to understand Russian political objectives in conjunction with English foreign policy aims in the early 17th century. Besides appendices of correspondence, the book includes extensive notes, brief introductory essays by V.I. Buganov and N. Rogozhin, and a select bibliogaphy. Under the Direction of Victor Buganov, Institute of the History of Russia.

The fifth installment of a projected “Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit,” which will provide all available bibliographical info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or math. & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. contains entries on authors whose names being with the Sanskrit semivowels (y, r, l, & v). This material is preceded by additional abbrev. of journals, additional biblio., & additional manuscript catalogs, as well as entries supplemental to those in vols. I-IV of Series A. No new material after Spring of 1992.

The International Brigades were some 32,000 foreigners who fought in the Spanish Civil War. Prof. Michael Jackson peels away some myths that have long obscured them. Some of these concern facts such as their numbers, nations, classes, ages, & political affiliations. Others examine their commitment & motivation for taking part in a war that did not directly involve their native lands. The Brigaders were both more complex & simpler than portrayed in propaganda, myth, in history because the men in the ranks were far more varied than any ideological account can accommodate & simpler because theirs was the universal experience of war. The significance of the International Brigades lies less in the ideological convictions that recruited them than in the endurance they displayed once there. Jackson’s goal is to expose some of the mythology & to interpret of the experiences of the Brigadiers.

This work is a study of the origins of the ancient Greek stadium, especially with regard to the archaeological evidence from the Archaic & Classical sites of Corinth, Isthmia, Halieis and Olympia. The earliest remains of the Greek “stadion” come from the Peloponnesos, a region of southern Greece, although the architectural structure eventually became well known all over the Greek and Roman world. The author also includes the ancient evidence for the initial appearance of the world “stadion” in the Greek language and its early use in the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. The primary component of this work is the most recent archaeological research from Ancient Corinth concerning the Archaic “dromos” and the Early Classical starting line and its significance for the study of Greek and Roman athletics, as well as the understanding of early Greek mathematics. Illus.

The Assyrians have usually been charcterized as the strongmen of the ancient Near East, controlling their empire largely through military force, terror, and intimidatin. The new interpretation of Esarhaddon’s reign offered here, hwever, suggests that his success in dealing with conquered Babylonia lay in his masterful use of non-violent tools of government: public works programs, royal public appearnces, and especially the use of documents which presented different images of the king and his policies to different national audiences. Traces of these techniques in the policies of earlier Assyrian kings suggest that the Assyrians had long used such techniques, as well as terror, to control their empire. This study also prposes some new approaches to reading Assyrian royal inscriptions. It suggests, for example, that Assyrian building documents, although often buried in foundaitons, wer first read to contemporary audiences and were primarily designed for them. An analysis of subtle differences in Esarhaddon’s Babylon inscriptions suggests that variants may be clues to the identificaiton of different intended audiences for texts which were once thought of as duplicates. This book combines documentary and archeological evidence to propose a new interpretation of Esarhaddon’s reign based onc lose reading of texts. it also proposes a new, more complex model of the techniques by which Assyria succeeded in governing her empire.

This installment of the “Census” provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. is devoted to those authors whose names begin with a cerebral (c, ch, j, & jh), a reflexive (t, th, d, & dh), or a dental (t, th, d dh, & n). Preceding the material relating to these authors is a section supplemental to vols. I & II. This section contains abbrev. of new periodicals & series that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have appeared or have been belatedly noticed since vol. II went to press, & a list of catalogs it has been possible to utilize. The rest of the vol. contains supplementary info. concerning 100 authors already noted in the two previous vols. & all the data currently available concerning almost 800 new authors. Reprinted 1992.

The Hopi are the westernmost group of the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern U.S. They live on a high, dry plateau in northern Arizona, and have been a sedentary, agricultural people. This study establishes the stylistic parameters of song in a particular culture. Author List determines what is meant when a Hopi person states that two or more performances are those of the same song. To what extent can speech sounds, pitches, and durational values, or the forms of which they are the constituents, differ and the performances still be considered to be those of the same song? List transcribed and compared 8 recordings of performances of a particular kachina dance song and 11 recordings of performance of a particular lullaby, made from 1903 to 1984. Illus.

The PA Flora Database (PFD) has its roots in the work of Edgar Wherry, John Fogg, Jr., and Herbert Wahl, the “Atlas of the Flora of PA”, pub. by the Morris Arboretum of the Univ. of PA. Over a period of 40 years, Wherry and his colleagues gathered data from the major PA herbaria and manually placed a quarter of a million dots on over 3,500 maps, which are reproduced in this volume. The checklist of included taxa has undergone extensive review to reflect recent taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. Recent discoveries have been added and distribution data has been updated. This volume also includes collections made in the 1990s in conjunction with the PA Natural Diversity Inventory. Extensive illustrations. Reprinted 1996.

The first scholarly study to treat the sepulchral memorials of Quattrocento Siena in a comprehensive way. These works include contributions by such noted sculptors as Jacopo della Quercia, Il Vecchietta, Neroccio de’Landi, Giovanni di Stefano, and Urbano da Cortona, as well as a number of monuments by followers of Donatello. Some of these works, most notably Quercia’s tomb for Ilaria del Carretto, occupy well-recognized places in the history of Italian sculpture. But others, many of significant artistic importance, are presented here for the first time. Includes a thorough catalogue of all traceable figured memorials from Renaissance Siena and its artistic dependencies, Illustrations.

This vol. evolved from a tiny segment of the author’s study of the Cabinet of Curiosities of the Am. Philosophical Soc. (APS). One of the divisions of this Cabinet is “Objets d’Art” and he included furniture in this division. As time passed, awareness grew of several fascinating and valuable antiques in the Soc., begining with 1769. Most of the “objets” pertain to various presidents of the Soc., although a few are from members whose activity in the Soc. was memorable. Some items were purchased, also, or made, for the Soc. No work has been done hitherto on this furniture as a unitl. Several pieces are well known and have been researched at various times: Franklin’s library chair, the Rittenhouse astronomical timepiece, the chair which Jefferson purchased in Philadelphia in 1776 and used while he wrote the Declaration of Independence, for example. Little is known of most of the various artifacts, however, or their provenance. Photos.

The tall tales of medieval pilgrims and the incitements of crusading preachers contributed their share to the hatred of Islam nurtured in most Christian hearts during the Middle Ages. Ridiculous legends grew up in the West relating to Mohammed, the stock in trade of preachers, who were always willing to inform their listeners about the origin of the Prophet and the nature of Islam. Pious Christians were usually assured that Mohammed had come to a bad end. Contents of this study: Early legends and prophecies; Christian hopes for the undoing of Islam; Bartholomaeus Georgievicz and the “Red Apple”; and Translations of the Koran and Increasing Tolerance of Islam. Illustrations.

Harvey Chisick wrote this study after he came across the documents that form the heart of this study, the subscription lists to the the newspaper the “Ami du Roi”, by accident while working on a a comparative study of the “Anne Litteraire” & “Journal Encyclopedique.” Contents of this vol.: The Periodical Press in the 18th Century; The Short, Unhappy & Principled Career of the “Ami du Roi” of the Abbe Royou; The Production & Distribution of the “Ami du Roi”; The Office of the “Ami du Roi” as a Center for the Dissemination of Pamphlet Literature; The Subscribers to the “Ami du Roi”: Geographical Distribution, Gender & Collective Subscriptions; The Subscribers of the “Ami du Roi”: Status & Occupation; The Enlightenment & Counter-Revolution: The Contract Founding the “Ami du Roi”; Classification of Subscribers to the “Ami du Roi”; & Bibliography.

The odyssey of Thomas Holme, William Penn’s first surveyor general, began when Holme enrolled in the war against Charles I and proceeded through England, and, finally, to William Penn’s Province of PA. He was a captain in Cromwell’s army, a Quaker minister, author, and administrator, and landholder and merchant. It was from this life that William Penn drafted him to be the first surveyor general of his province. There he laid out the city of Phila., oversaw the surveying and settlement of southeastern PA, and participated in the formation of the gov’t. that has been called the protopye of the gov’t. of the U.S. Throughout the struggles of the first dozen years of PA he was a partisan and defender of the interests of William Penn. Maps.

A reference tool for those who seek an understanding of the structure of classical Tamil poetry. This poetry reflects indigenous literary and cultural traditions of southern India, and therefore, a study of it is imperative for obtaining a balanced view of India’s past and present cultures. The language which produced this poetry, Tamil, is the only living language of modern India that has an uninterrupted history spanning more than two millennia, and therefore, a study of it becomes even more crucial for a thorough understanding of India’s linguistic complexity. Includes a bibliography.

William Duer belonged to the middle ranks of those who led America to success in her struggle for independence, standing just behind such men as John Jay and Robert R. Livingston. Duer, as a member of the N.Y. State Convention and the Continental Congress, as Sec. to the Board of Treasury under the Confed. and Assist. to the Sec. of the Treasury when the fed. govt. was organized, had a role in all the significant changes which occurred during the revolutionary period. Yet interspersed with his public career was his career as a stock speculator, land promoter, army contractor, and merchant. Duer never tired of trying to combine public office with private profit. This is the first full scale study of Duer’s entire career, although, due to lack of material about his personal life, it should not be taken as a biography.

Dr. Susan E. Klepp, a Mellon Fellow in Bibliography at the APS in 1986-87, suggested to the Librarian that the publication of the APS collection of Phila. mortality bills from 1722 to 1859, together with those from other repositories which APS does not possess, would constitute a major research resource for students of early American and comparative history. Dr. Klepp has not only executed that task skillfully, but she has given us a fine brief history of the study of the vital statistics of Philadelphia together with an annotated bibliography of secondary works. Contains over 200 broadsides.

Discusses how modernization and the birth of the nation state, with the concomitant impact of Western ideas, gave birth to a significantly different form of anti-Semitism in Romania. This type defined its national goals in a limited manner. That it did so would be critical in the 20th cent. for the survival of almost half a million Romanian Jews. Its unusual character would be hidden from view in most instances by a brutality of execution that has led observers over the course of the last hundred years or so to focus on the style rather than substance of what happened. The Romanians did not cooperate in the full execution of the Final Solution as the Nazis wanted and expected them to do. As they had done in the 19th cent., the Romanians attempted to counterpoise Great Power interests and thereby pursue their own self-interest whenever the Jewish Question came into play.

This atlas of world maps is divided into 3 parts: maps with continental shorelines as natural boundaries; composite maps with continental shorelines as natural boundaries; & maps with tectonic plate margins as natural boundaries. All graticules on the illus. are 15 degrees spacing unless otherwise noted & can be computer drawn. All projections, incl. land masses & plates, are suitable for computer drawing although, in some cases, some data have been entered by hand. Latitudes & longitudes are given for the poles of the map & for the center of the map. Latitudes are expressed in degrees north or south of the Equator; longitudes are given in degrees east or west of the Greenwich Meridian. Note that the poles of the map are the continental shoreline coincidences or plate boundary coincidences chosen for the particular map. Includes 29 four-color maps.

This vol., a modern reworking of the mss. of Johann Jacob Schmick, is in the “Moravian” dialect of Mahican and is divided into an English-Mahican-German section and a Mahican-English section. It includes a Mahican historical phonology and a background and explanatory description. This dictionary is useful for Indians of the East Coast who want to know their ancestral languages better, for of course Algonquianists, whether as linguists or ethnohistorians, for
Germanists, and for general readers who want some background on Schmnick’s era in Pennsylvania. The explanatory background can also be used as a study of linguistic influences. Maps.

This volume is a catalog of the rich & extensive collection of maps in the Library of the American Philosophical Soc. (APS) in Philadelphia. it contains information on some 1,750 printed maps, over 1,000 manuscript maps, 136 atlases, two globes, & one model. Murphy Smith began this project in 1985 shortly after he retired from his long career as Associate Librarian of the Society, when Librarian Edward C. Carter II named him Andrew W. Mellon Sr. Research Fellow. Smith came to be recognized as one of the most knowledgeable & helpful historical RCRA librarians in the country. Illustrations.

This book is in many ways a sequel to the 4 vols. of Setton’s “Papacy & the Levant (1204-1571),” although the emphasis has shifted northward from the Holy See to Venice & Austria. Includes such topics as: Austrians & Turks in the Long War (1592-1606); the Bohemian Succession, & the Outbreak of the 30 Years’ War; Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richeliu, & the Hapsburgs; the Increasing Importance of France; The Treaties of Westphalia; Venice, Malta, & the Turks; The Long War of Candia; The Turco-Venetian War (1646-1653); Naval Battles at the Dardanelles (1654-1657); the Cretan War; Papal Aid to Venice; Surrender of Venice to the Turks; Turco-Venetian Relations (1670-1683) & the Turkish Siege of Vienna; The Conquests of the Austrians in Hungary, the Revolt of the Turkish Army, & the Venetians in the Morea (1684-1687); the Invasion of Attica, & the Destruction of the Parthenon; The Venetians’ Withdrawal fron Athens; the Removal of Antiquities; Louis XIV, the Turks, & the War of the League of Augsburg; the Turkish Reconquest of the Morea; the Victories of Eugene of Savoy; & Venice as a Playground of Europe.

When Frank Lambrecht arrived in Africa in 1945 he came with a 3 years’ contract with the Congo Red Cross. What he found in the Belgian Congo was an old colonial system steeped in its traditions right down to the garb colonials wore & the separate class structure for Europeans & natives. When he left 14 years later Africa was on the verge of divesting itself of foreign rule & influence. Lambrecht’s story is of the beauty of Africa & its people as well as a description of the many diseases that decimated its populations. His responsibility in the beginning, with a diploma in tropical medicine, was to care for the lepers. But it was on the tsetse fly that Lambrecht concentrated most of his research. The book describes his attempts to capture tsetse fly species & then to train his native staff to help him in his research. A fascinating glimpse into the earlier stages of public health in the 20th century, through the diaries & letters of a dedicated medical scientist. Illustrations.

This second volume of the Trukese-English Dictionary supplements the first one, published in 1980. It provides an English-Trukese index or finderlist for the Trukese-English of the first volume & a concordance of roots, including what appear to be complex words that we cannot analyze into constituent elements. The Truk Dictionary Project was supported by the Nat. Science Found. (NSF), the Dept. of Ed. of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Univ. of Penna., & the Univ. of Hawaii. Illustration.

From the height of an airplane circling over the Pampa Ingenio in Southern Peru, one may see the ground drawings which have puzzled scientists since their discovery in the 1930s. Etched across the landscape are lines and lifelike drawings depicting monkeys, birds, fish and spiders. The pre-Incaic Nazca people made these geoglypha. After several years of investigation, Aveni and his team of researchers have asembled their results here for the first time. These include a complete description and statistical analysis of the Nazca features, the surface archaeology of the pampa and the nearby ceremonial center of Cahuachi, and the relationship between the lines and pan-Andean systems of social organization. Illustrations. Photomozaic fold-out map.

Behind the original pubication of Montgomery’s “Practical Detail” (1840) lay the continuing concern about world markets & international economic & technological leadership. Montgomery’s achievement lay in the wealth & reliability of the comparative data he assembled, for the first time, about the Am. & British cotton industries, which were then the high tech of industrializing societies. For the tech. & economics of production of the early 19th century cotton industries, his work remains indispensable. A mss. has recently surfaced in which Montgomery recorded the changes he intended for the 2nd ed. of his classic. The vol. is prefaced by a biog. of Montgomery, tracing his Scottish background & his migration from Glasgow to New England in the 1830s, & an intro. to the 2nd ed., establishing its context. Appended to the Montogmery text are the documents of the “justitia controversy,” from the Boston newspapers of 1841, in which the merits & relative costs of steam & water power were debated. Scholarly footnotes, textual & substantive, are provided as appropriate. Illus.

Recounts the various styles of leadership shown by several prominent German chemists and biochemists during the period 1830 to 1914. Featured particularly are chemists Liebig, Baeyer and Emil Fischer and biochemists Hoppe-Seyler, Kuhne and Hofmeister. In a final chapter, Fruton considers the relevance of the conclusions drawn from the style of these 19th- and early 20th-centuy men to the styles of more recent research groups in the chemical and biochemical sciences. Special emphasis is placed on their influence on their scientific progenies in Germany, and in England, Russia, and the U.S. Attention is given to the individual contributions of the junior members of these scientific groups to the growth of knowledge within their disciplines.

Frank Schmitt has for two thirds of a century been searching for -- and in many cases finding -- explanations of major biomedical importance. His is a very human story -- of a youth in high school doing experiments in a make-shift chemical laboratory in the attic of the family home; of a young university student who organized a students’ science society and whose undergraduate research on cell structure was published in major professional journals; of a medical school student who wrote a thesis that attracted the attention of cardiologists for many years; of a devoted husband who, with his young wife, spent two postdoctoral years in Berkeley, London and Berlin and later made two trips around the world with her as he set up a worldwide network of neuroscientists. As a young scientist at Washington University, Schmitt investigated polarization optical and x-ray diffraction methods to discover the molecular structure of living tissues -- this, long before molecular biology was established as a scientific discipline. Schmitt was called to head biology at MIT in 1941. There he added electron microscopy to his ultrastructural repertoire and used much of it in wartime research. As an Institute Professor (MIT’s highest rank), he became a leader in the founding and characterization of the fields of biophysic and neuroscience. Schmitt was also deeply committed to music, along with his wife, and had an interest in theology. Photos.

Zupco presents the legacies of the Middle Ages to the pioneering reformers of the Scientific Revolution; the monumental impact of math, physics, chemistry, astronomy, & technology on modern metrology; the creations, struggles, & successes of the Metric System; & the intense battles between metrics & customary metrologies that have waged since the end of the 18th cent. Includes insights into the personalities involved in metrological events: scientists, technologists, bureaucrats, ministers, members of scientific soc., & shows the impact of scientific experimentation & social revolutions. Includes a comprehensive biblio. of European metrology & the sources relevant to the underpinnings for this period in weights & measures history. Illus.

Contents: Tome 1: Knowledge: Fruits of Scribal Activity in Ancient Egypt; Early Egyptian “Annals” on Stone (the Palermo Stone); “Bio.” of Metjen; Inscriptions from the: Tomb of Niankhsekhmet, Tomb of Washptah, Tomb of Senedjemib; Tales of Wonder at the Court of King Cheops (Khufu); Scribal Immortality; Satire of the Trades; and Onomasticon of Amenope; Order: The World and Its Creation: Cosmogony and Cosmology; Tome 2: Documents: “Pyramid Texts”; “Coffin Texts”; “Book of the Dead”; “Book of Amduat”; “Litany of Re”; “Book of the Divine Cow”; Great Hymn to Osiris; Hymns to Amon-Re; Great Hymn to the Aten; Hymn to Ptah; Hymns at Esna; “Destruction of Apep”; “Memphite Theology”; Dream-Book; Harris Magical Papyrus; Chronology. Ill.

Dr. Schmidt describes the building & planning schemes in Moscow from approx. the accession of Catherine the Great in the early 1760s to the mid-reign of Nicholas I, about 1840. The author maintains that despite the enormous destruction of historic Moscow caused by the reordering of Gorkii (the old Tverskaia) St. & the Kalinin Prospect (the Arbat) under Stalin & Khrushchev, there still exists a significant remnant of the classical city which rose from the ashes of the great fire in 1812. The architects of the classical city--Catherine’s builders, Vasilii Bazhenov & Matvei Kazakov, & those who rebuilt Moscow after 1812, Osip Bove, Domenico Giliardi, & Afanasii Grigor’ev--are featured together with their individual architectural creations as well as their broader city-planning accomplishments. In many respects an atlas of the boulevards & thoroughfares of central Moscow, this book both recreates the Moscow of another era & adds to the understanding of the contours & character of the modern Soviet metropolis. Illus.

This is the story of how Phila. got safe drinking water -- or safe so far as the medical standards of the time were concerned, the major culprit in the 19th cent. being typhoid. Typhoid frightened the urbanizing world of the late 19th cent. A virulent micro-organism that attacks the intestinal tract, in most cases it spreads when the excreta of an ill person get into the water supply. Phila. was suffering from a typhoid epidemic when a terrible snowstorm hit in Feb. 1899. The disease struck every ward in the city -- wealthy & poor alike suffered since infected river water made its way through the entire system. Phila. public health officials, the major & common council recognized that the city’s pumping stations required new filtration systems, but the select council killed the bill. Thanks to episodes like this in other civic affairs, Phila. suffered from a poor reputation for being, in Lincoln Steffens’ words, “corrupt & contented.” This negative view of the city’s performance around the turn of the century is still prevalent. This study takes another look at the people who were trying to solve the public health crisis. It also explores the problem of typhoid from the viewpoint of professionals in the emerging field of public health, beginning with the early years of the Phila. water works. Illus.

An edition of the extant manuscripts of proceedings in the Lower House of the English parliament of 1614, prefaced by a critical introduction to the texts and a description of source materials. The vol. includes 8 appendixes, one of which is a list of returns that reveals the full membership of the House of Commons in 1614. Until recently historians believed that apart from the official Journal of the House of Commons no complete account of the 1614 assembly survived. Immediately after the close of the session 4 members were imprisoned in the Tower for remarks madeabout the crown, and the Privy Council ordered the papers and notes of others burned. To protect the identity of the author any private diary of the session retained as a personal record had to have been well hidden. The discovery in the Midlands of an anonymous diary subsequently purchased by the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the U. of Kansas altered this picture and makes possible for the first time, close to 400 years after the event, a detailed study of the proceedings in that assembly. Besides the Kansas diary one other small account of debates that year from a manuscript in Trinity College, Cambridge, and several folios of proceedings from Petyt MS, 538/11 in the Inner Temple Library, as well as an unpublished Crown Office list of returns are included in the vol. The manuscript Commons Journal and MS. Add. 48, 101 have been re-edited with the accounts mentioned above, making accessible in one place all of the known accounts of the session. Illus.

An edition of all known manuscript writings in the Massachusetts language by native speakers. Basic linguistic, historical, and ethnographic analyses are included. Massachusetts is an extinct Eastern Algonquian language spoken aboriginally and in the Colonial period in what is now southeastern Massachusetts. The Indians speaking this language are those referred to as the Massachusetts, the Wampanoags (or Pokanokets), and the Nausets, who inhabited the region encompassing the immediate Boston area and the area east of Narragansett Bay, incl. Cape Cod, the Elizabeth Isl., Martha’s Vineyard, and Nantucket. Illus. with original documents. In two volumes.

William Maclure (1763-1840) was an Amer. geologist & philanthropist who traveled extensively in Europe during the early years of the 19th century, conducting geological surveys & collecting rock & mineral specimens for schools & scientific institutions in the U.S. He has been called “the Father of Modern Geology” for the extraordinary feat of having made a one-man geological survey of the eastern U.S. from Maine to Georgia, & from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. Maclure used his wealth to support such institutions as the Acad. of Natural Sciences of Phila. & to subsidize the work of a number of scientists & teachers. He was also concerned with the reform of education & set up libraries & schools for children of the lower classes. Scholars have questioned why Maclure retired early to devote the rest of his life to science & reform. Some answers may be found in this vol., which includes transcriptions from microfilm of some 20 journals which Maclure kept during his travels & research in Europe; they span the years 1805-15 & 1820-25. Illus.

Hill contends that French officials in the postwar decade had already perceived a deep-rooted Amer. indifference, even hostility, to a number of vital French nat. interests. The author examines the harsh disappointments & frustrations these officials experienced in their dealings with Amer. in the 1780s, whether on the high seas, or in U.S. courts & customs houses, in the halls of Congress, or in their encounters with Amer. attitudes. These essays add to what is already known about France’s difficulties with the U.S. in this era. Not so well known, however, are: how French officials perceived these problems; what solutions they sought; or how keenly frustrated they became when, despite Amer. protestations of gratitude for French assistance during the war for independence, they found self-interested Amer. unwilling to heed the least claims of an erstwhile ally.

Ancient Greek city-states typically administered themselves through more or less permanent divisions of their populations or territories. The Athenian system of phylai (“tribes”), trittyes (“Thirds”) & demes (“villages”) is the familiar example, but something is known of the arrangements of about 200 other states representing all regions of the Greek world. Drawing upon the predominantly epigraphic record, Dr. Jones provides the first comprehensive analysis, arranged on a state-by-state basis, of these organizations. The book documents the widespread tendency of the public units, quite apart from their state-wide administrative roles, to be organized internally as self-sustaining associations. Constituting a public social organization, these “new communities” addressed the problem of the persistence within the state of inherited regional or political pluralism. Precisely because of their artificiality, the public associations offered an innocuous alternative to the old, divisive loyalties. Thereby a degree of stability might be secured for these often deeply fragmented societies.

This is a print on demand publication. What we know about Greek astronomy is dominated by Ptolemy’s “Almagest” (written c. 140 A.D.) & closely related works like Theon’s “Handy Tables” (end of 4th C.) but we have only very little info. about the practice of computing the positions of sun, moon, & planets during any period of antiquity. Now, the Greek horoscopes are available for study as a group which could be expected to reflect the current techniques of Greek astronomy. About 60 horoscopes from the first 5 centuries of our era have been published since Young (1828) & Champollion-Figeac (1840) in the papyrological literature, which comprises 18,000 texts. This vol. includes all horoscopes from this widely scattered material & a few unpublished pieces. Illustrations.

This guide incorp. entries from the guide pub. in 1966 (Memoirs of the APS, Vol. 66). The earlier entries have been updated and listings for all new collections, microfilm holdings, sound recordings (esp. in Native Amer. lang.), and maps are now included. Since the first guide, the Library has increased its holdings significantly -- adding the papers of many distinguished scholars -- among them George Gaylord Simpson, Herman Goldstine, Salvador E. Luria, Elsie Clews Parsons, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Hanry DeWolf Smyth. Other major collections have also been enhanced, notably those for Darwin, Native Amer. studies, linguistics, genetics, the histories of med., technology, 20th-cent. physics, and natural history. This last includes a large collection of the prints of Benjamin Smith Barton.

Contents: Part I: A Survey: The Transfer of Industrial Technologies to Early America; Part II: Case Studies: William Weston, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and the Philadelphia Plan for Internal Improvements; Eleuthere Irenee du Pont: “Eleve des Poudres” to American Gunpowder Manufacturer; Moncure Robinson and the Origin of American Railroad Technology; and David Thomas and the Anthracite Iron Revolution. Bibliography. Maps and drawings.

Two striking discoveries made 1740 a turning point in the history of 18th-century biology. Charles Bonnet established that aphids could reproduce without male fertilization. Shortly afterwards Abraham Trembley proved that a tiny aquatic animal, the fresh water polyp, or hydra, could regenerate from cuttings like some plants. The discovery of the polyp was important because of the disturbing metaphysical issues that it raised. In their letters written during the decade of the 1740s to Reaumur, the great French Academician, both Trembley & Bonnet referred to the polyp as an enigma. Not only did it seem to present a new mode of animal reproduction, previously unsuspected, but it called into question the prevailing mechanistic view of animal biology & brought into focus the problem of animal soul. Drawing on some of the most illuminating letters from the private archives of the Trembley family, this study focuses on the discovery of the polyp, using the correspondence of Bonnet & Trembley to understand their common Genevan background & their possible differences in approach from that of Reaumur.

These 12 essays reflect Dr. Bell’s interests not only as a distinguished scholar of Benjamin Franklin & of the cultural & scientific life of early Amer., but also as Librarian & Exec. Officer of the APS. Contents: Remarks by Jonathan Rhoads; Biographical Sketch of Dr. Bell, with Selected Biblio.; Benjamin Franklin,”The Old England Man” by Esmond Wright; Frustration & Benjamin Franklin’s Medical Books, by Edwin Wolf 2nd; William Byrd Reports on His Mission to the Cherokee in 1758, by W. W. Abbot; The Men of ‘68: Graduates of Amer’s. First Medical School, by Randolph Klein; The Search for the State House Yard Observatory, by Silvio Bedini; Benjamin Henry Latrobe, “Learned Engineer,” The APS, & the Promotion of Useful Knowledge & Works, 1798-1809, by Edward Carter II; The Phila. Soc. For Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, 1787-1829, by Marvin Wolfgang; Cotton Textiles & Industrialism, by Thomas Cochran; The Amer. Industrial Revolution Through its Survivals, by Brooke Hindle; A Catalog of Books Belonging to Benjamin Smith Barton, by Joseph Swan; Foreign Membership of Biological Scientists in the APS During the 18th & 19th Cent., by Bentley Glass; & Louis Agassiz as an Early Embryologist in Amer., by Jane Oppenheimer. Illus.

This is a supplement to the planetary, lunar and solar tables produced by Bryant Tuckerman (1962, 1964). These tables have proved an invaluable aid to historians of astronomy. An important usage is the dating of ancient and medieval astronomical observations, but the tables also have wide application in determining the accuracy of early measurements and calculations. This supplementary volume owes its origin to the discovery by the authors of significant errors in Tuckerman’s tabular positions of Mars. They made a comparison between Tuckerman’s positions for the Sun and planets and those computed from an integrated ephemeris. Only in the case of the longitude of Mars were errors found to be serious.

Of all the political parties in German history none was more ambivalent than the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Beneath the misleading surplice of Marxism, the SDP was basically only a lower class reformist party. This study shows that, far from continuing revolution, very realistic, ordinary goals of pacification & recovery after WW1 determined the tactics of the SDP. A sober understanding of the importance of foreign policy for the post-war goals of Social Democracy, coupled with the fact that it could not control an electoral majority, led it to abandon its anti-collaborationism of imperial times. By 1930 the SDP was so enmeshed in foreign policy, collaboration, & toleration that it was powerless to summon the workers to battle against Nazism. Illus.

The major portion of this study is devoted to the lyric poems of the 12th & 13th century which constitute Southern France’s greatest contribution to world literature. Nevertheless, chronology requires that this study begins by glancing briefly at two narrative pieces, the oldest Provencal poems of which we have any knowledge. Contents: The Earliest Provencal Verse: “Boeci,” & the “Chanson de Sainte Foy”; Guilhem VII, Comte de Peitieu (or Peiteus); Marcabru; Marcabru’s Contemporaries; “Trobar clus”; “Trobar leu”; The Generation of ‘80; Thematic Genres in the 13th Century; Genres Based on Form; Non-lyric Genres; & Bibliography.

Contents: The Uncompleted World of the Revolution & the Origins of the Dispute Over the Princes’ Properties; The First Stages of the Controversy, Nov. 1925 to Jan. 1926: The Communists Set the Pace; The Social Democratic Party Astride Two Horses: The SPD’s Decision to Support the Referendum, Jan., 1926; The Dilemma of the Middle Parties: Could the Reichstage Find an Alternative to the Initiative Proposal? Jan.-March, 1926; “The Center Party Must Remain the Center Party”; From the Initiative to the Referendum, March-June, 1926: Chances for Parliamentary Action Fade; & The Failure of the Referendum & Its Aftermath.

The complexity of medieval & modern pre-metric weights & measures (W&M) in Britain presents an obstacle to scholarly research on Western European econ. history. The problem is: the approx. dimensions of many non-standardized measuring units, used by both the Crown & the regional & local markets, varied from time to time & from place to place; & the dimensions even of standard W&M used in any period are poorly understood. This book will clarify the confusion & bring a new focus to the field of metrology & a new understanding of the units. It includes: tables for rapid identification of all ruling English, Scottish, Irish, or Welsh sovereigns; current English Imperial, Amer. Customary, & metric units; & the basic equiv. for these W&M; & A Dict. of Brit. W&M.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: Part One: Preliminary Observations & Suggestions for Further Study; & Part Two: An Annotated Bibliography of Printed & Manuscript Holdings at the American Philosophical Society (APS) Library.

When Scotsman Joseph Hume died in 1855 his contemporaries assumed he would be remembered as one of the most important politicians of his time. He was a champion of free-trade principles & radical reform. Though Hume never held office, he was in the forefront of nearly every major reform endeavor in the first half of the 19th century. He rose to popularity on the basis of his attack on government spending. Like most other free traders, Hume believed that no government could be satisfactory until it recognized the full measure of citizen freedom, whether that involved economic liberty, civil liberty, or religious liberty. Bibliography.

Among the Clarendon papers held by the Bodleian Library and the Portland Manuscripts appear copies of a long and detailed letter of advice written to Charles II on the eve of the Restoration. The “Advice” was atributed to Edwad Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and Lord Chancellor during the early years of Charles’s reign. In 1903, however, Arthur Strong found that the handwriting of the Welbeck copy was identifical to other documents written by William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle. Other evidence corrobates Strong’s claim. The letter was apparently written by Newcastle in late 1658 or early 1659 and presented to Charles during the spring of 1659. Here is the text of Newcastle’s letter and and an Introduction by Thomas Slaughter, who transcribed the letter.

The fourth of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the Battle of Lepanto (1566-71). Contents of this vol.: The Murder of Martinuzzi, the Turks on Land & at Sea, the War of Siena; The Reign of Paul IV to the Outbreak of the War with Spain; Paul IV, the War with Spain & Jean de la Vigne at the Porte; The Election of Pius IV & the Fall of the Carafeschi, Cyprus & the Turkish Success at Jerba; The Third Period & Closure of the Council of Trent; France, Venice, & the Porte -- the Turkish Siege of Malta; Pius V, Spain, & Venice; the Turks in Chios & the Adriatic; the Revolt of the Netherlands; Venice, Cyprus, & the Porte in the Early Years of Selim II; The Failure of the Expedition of 1570 & Pius V’s Attempts to Form the Anti-Turkish League; The Holy League, the Continuing War with the Turks, & the Fall of Famagusta; & the Road to Lepanto, the Battle, & a Glance at the Following Century.

The Todas are a small community who live on the isolated Nilgiri plateau in S. India. They lived there in aboriginal days, i.e. prior to the early 19th cent., in coexist. with other jungle communities. The local social org. was a cast-like system in which the Todas were the top-ranking community. Their population is a minuscule group within the enormous population of India or of the Dravidian part of India. However, the Todas have attracted a disproportionate amount of attention because of their difference from their neighbors in appearance, manners & customs. This study was based on linguistic data collected in a year of contact with the Todas in the 3-year period from mid-1935 to mid-1938. Contents: Grammar; Texts with Translation; & Commentary.

Covers colonial architecture in the two westernmost provinces of the Reino de Guatemala: Audiencia & Capitania General -- a region largely isolated from the rest of Central America & Mexico until recent times. The buildings of this region (known as Chiapas) reflect the soc. that produced them: the geographical setting, the conquest & Christianization of the natives, & the ethnic composition of the population. 47 buildings are discussed supported by material from contemporary sources as well as by photos & measurements gathered on the sites. This catalog of archival texts will be useful not only to historians of art & architecture, but also to archaeologists, anthropologists, & ethnohistorians working in Chiapas. Photos & drawings.

The third of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-1571). Contents: Pius III, Julius II, & the Romagna; Venice, the Soldan of Egypt, & the Turks; The League of Cambrai, the Turks & the Gallican Conciliarists; The Council of Pisa-Milan & the Battle of Ravenna, the Fifth Lateran Council & Selim the Grim; Leo X, the Lateran Council, & the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt; Leo X & Plans for a Crusade against Selim the Grim; Hadrian VI, the Fall of Rhodes, & Renewal of the War in Italy; Pavia & the League of Cognac, Mohacs & the Turks in Hungary, Bourbon’s March on Rome; The Sack of Rome & the Siege of Naples; Before & After the Turkish Siege of Vienna; Clement VII, Francis I, & Hapsburg Opposition to the Turks; Paul III, the Lutherans, Venice & the Turks; Paul III, the Hapsburgs, & Francis I, the Turks & the Council of Trent; & The Election of Julius III, the Council of Trent, the Turks & the War of Parma. Reprinted in paperback on demand.

Describes & analyzes traditional Ojibwa religion (TOR) & the changes it has undergone through the last three centuries. Emphasizes the influence of Christian missions (CM) to the Ojibwas in effecting religious changes, & examines the concomitant changes in Ojibwa culture & environment through the historical period. Contents: Review of Sources; Criteria for Determining what was TOR; Ojibwa History; CM to the Ojibwas; Ojibwa Responses to CM; The Ojibwa Person, Living & Dead; The Manitos; Nanabozho & the Creation Myth; Ojibwa Relations with the Manitos; Puberty Fasting & Visions; Disease, Health, & Medicine; Religious Leadership; Midewiwin; Diverse Religious Movements; & The Loss of TOR. Maps & charts.

Alexander Wilson, expatriate Scotsman, poet, & reformer, has been called “the Father of American Ornithology.” This collection of his letters, many of them new & many complete for the first time, captures a splendid & stimulating time in American history. Wilson was a confidant of William Bartram, a correspondent of Thomas Jefferson, a sensitive personality who set out as he said to make “a collection of all our finest birds.” In pursuit of this goal he traveled through much of the eastern part of the U.S., often on foot. His letters well document the joy he felt at each new discovery as well as the terrible physical harships he endured. Though later overshadowed by J.J. Audubon, Wilson deserves much credit for being one of the pioneers in American ornithology. Includes an intro. by Clark Hunter, ed. of the letters.

These tables cover the period from the mid-17th to the 19th cent. when astronomical ephemerides were evolving most rapidly. These tables resemble those previously pub. by the APS: Tuckerman’s “Planetary, Lunar, and Solar Positions, 601 B.C. to A.D. 1” and “A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649” and Goldstine’s “New and Full Moon, 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651.” The tables contain features consistent with the almanacs and ephemerides pub. in this period: planetary positions are computed for 12 hours U.T. (noon); and the Julian day number is given for new and full moons. An analytical essay examines the theoretical and computational developments in almanac-making in the period that bridges between Kepler and Laplace.

A supplement to “A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the APS,” published by the Society in 1966. In only a dozen years since the pub. of the “Guide,” substantial additions to the collection reached the point where a revision or supplement to the “Guide” was desirable and even necessary. For this purpose the Library was fortunate to obtain the services of Daythal Kendall, then a graduate student in the University of Pennsylvania, whose own research on the language of the Takelma Indians eminently qualified him for the undertaking. As he states in his introduction, Dr. Kendall has not only followed the format of the predecessor vol., but has introduced into his own text cross references to the “Guide.”

This fourth volume of the “Census” provides all available bibliographical info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This volume contains articles on authors whose names being with labials (p, ph, b, bh, & m). These are preceded by material supplemental to vol. I, II, & III. This material consists of abbrev. of new periodicals & serials that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have been noticed since volume III went to press, & a list of additional catalogs that have been utilized.

Unlike most metrological systems throughout W. Europe, the Italian developed during the Middle Ages (MA) & Early Modern era without any ref. to a commonly accepted set of nat.-ethnic standards. Italy, with its many kingdoms, duchies, communes, etc., was never able to attain any level of metrological standardization outside the confines of severely restricted, small, independent, political jurisdictions. Not until unification in 1871, were Italian weights & measures (W&M) given a totally nat. character. And it was the metric system, & not a conglomerate of units from the old, that finally accomplished the task. This book presents a quantitative compilation, synthesis, & analysis of the principal pre-metric W&M employed throughout Italy & in those areas controlled or influenced by Italy from the Later MA to the age of metrication in the later 19th cent. Tables.

This volume contains the lectures of Dr. Benjamin Rush on physiology, which deal with the mind. Regarded as “the father of American psychiatry,” for over 30 years Dr. Rush treated insane patients at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. He published the first American book on psychiatry, “Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Disease of the Mind,” in 1812. Contents of this volume: General Introduction; The Syllabus; The Introductory Lecture; Introduction to the Lectures on Animal Life; Benjamin Rush Lectures on the Mind; Introduction to the Mind; Introduction to Sleep and Dreams; and Epilogue.

A biography of Joseph Nicollet, the brave & tireless explorer in 1838 & 1839 of the great northwestern triangle between the Missouri & the upper Mississippi rivers. Author Martha Coleman Bray has founded her very readable story on Nicollet’s journals, survey documents, correspondence, & published writings. Trained as an astronomer in Paris, Nicollet came to America after the revolution of 1830. His early travels took him to the South & to the sources of the Mississippi River. He won the confidence of the leaders of the newly-founded Corps of Topographical Engineers (precursor of the U.S. Geological Survey) & with John Charles Fremont as his assistant, he led the first of two expeditions to the Northwest. The superb “Map of the Hydrographic Basin of the Upper Mississippi River,” which resulted from these expeditions, was basic to the further exploration of the West & is our only source of Indian names of landscape features of the region. The “Report” which accompanied the map reveals Nicollet’s breadth of knowledge which brought him into the liveliest scientific circles of the U.S. He died in Washington in 1843. 300 illlus. & a fold-out map.

Three closely related languages are spoken in Truk State, Federated States of Micronesia: Trukese, Mortlockese, and Puluwatese. Trukese has by far the largest number of of speakers in the Truk state. Building on the dictionary by Samuel H. Elbert, published in 1947, this dictionary representes the Trukese language as it is spoken in the lagoon islands of Truk. It also includes an introduction which covers: the languages of Truk; the alphabet; the format of an entry; morphology; syntax; and bibliography. Maps and tables.

The ten authentic medical treatises of Moses Maimonides lay dormant in manuscript form for many centuries. In the mid-1900s, Hebrew editions of these works were published under the editorship of the late Suessman Muntner of Jerusalem. The pub. of several of these works in English followed, incl. Maimonides’ treatises on Asthma (19643), Regimen of Health (1964), Poisons (1966), Hemorrhoids (1969), Responsa (1969), Aphorisms (1970-71), and Sexual Intercourse (1974). This important work represents one of the remaining three Maimonidean treatises that were not yet available to the English reader in 1979, when this volume was published. It has been translated from Max Meyerhof’s French Edition. This is a print on demand publication.

This volume discusses in particular the suggested relationship of microsaurs with reptiles and the determination of the ancestry of the various groups of living amphibians. Twenty-five general of microsaurs are recognized in this work. Contents: History of the Microsaur Concept; Definition of Micrausaurs; Methods of Study; Taxonomy; Systematic Description; Comparative Anatomy; Relationships of Microsaurs; Geological and Geographical Distribution and Biology of Microsaurs; Summary; and References Cites. Illustrations.

The second of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-71). Contents: Venice & the Latin Failure to Halt the Ottoman Advance in Greece; Martin V & Eugenius IV, Constance & Ferrara-Florence, Opposition to Murad II; The Crusade of Varna & Its Aftermath; The Siege & Fall of Constantinople (1453) & Perils & Problems after the Fall; Calixtus III & the Siege of Belgrade, Mehmed II & Albania; Pius II, the Congress of Mantua & the Turkish Conquest of the Morea; Pius II, the Crusade, & the Venetian War against the Turks; Paul II, Venice, & the Fall of Negroponte; Sixtus IV & the Turkish Occupation of Otranto; Piere d’Aubusson & the First Siege of Rhodes; Sixtus IV & the Recovery of Otranto; Innocent VII, Jem Sultan, & the Crusade; Innocent VIII & Alexander VI, Charles VIII & Ferrante I; Alexander VI & Charles VIII, the French Expedition into Italy; The French in Naples, the League of Venice, & Papal Problems; & The Diplomatic Revolution: France & Spain, the Papacy & Venice.

The first of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-71). From the mid-14th cent. to the conclusion of his work the author has drawn heavily upon unpub. materials, collected in the course of 17 trips to the Archivio Segreto Vaticano & the Archivi di Stato in Venice, Mantua, Modena, Milan, Siena, & Florence, & the Archives of the Order of the Hospitallers at Malta. In addition to a history of the later crusades (to the year 1400), the book deals in passing with various items -- crusading propaganda, the postal service of the 14th cent., ecclesiastical & feudal lawsuits, social conditions in papal Avignon, & even fashions in footwear.

A history of the development of French royal finance in the 14th century. An earlier work studied the crown’s finances between 1322 and 1356 when France was still in the “age of the war subsidy” and taxes were temporary wartime expedients. This book, a sequel to that study, shows how the capture of King John II in 1356 led to a critical change in the history of royal taxation. In the king’s absence, the Estates General failed to secure adequate revenues, fell victim to factional strife, and were discredited. To ransom the monarch, the government imposed the first regular taxes in French history. With these annual revenues, the monarchy was able to finance an army that won important victories in the 1370s. This vol. continues the detailed political history of royal taxation up to 1445.

The friendship between Lafayette & Washington began slowly but had developed fully by late 1777. By the time Lafayette’s military service in America had come to an end, they were good friends. During the course of their correspondence Lafayette discussed all manner of public & private events & aspirations with Washington. Thus his letters furnish an intimate & revealing account of great events & of the great & near-great men who were a part of them. These letters were first published in 1944 in a privately printed edition of 400 copies. The present editors have re-examined the manuscripts used for all the letters & have corrected the earlier reading wherever historical accuracy requires it. A new preface presents revised interpretations of some of the letters.

Franklin’s printing house was one of the most influential in all the Brit. colonies in the 18th cent. Here are bibliographically accurate descriptions of the more than 800 items from broadsides to books printed by Franklin or by the partnership of Franklin and Hall. Lists 600+ pieces of job printing by Franklin, and another 100 items erroneously ascribed to the Franklin shop. Includes a summary account of Franklin’s career as a printer in Phila., and individual essays on his dealings with the Brit. type-founders, the colonial Amer. papermakers, and the PA and New England bookbinders. Includes specimens of Franklin’s first type fonts and pictorial reproductions of his stock of decorative ornaments and of rubbings of binders’ tools found on vol. bearing his imprint.

This is a print on demand publication. The three Woolsey Sisters, Abby, Jane, & Georgeanna, were pioneers in the development of nursing service & education after the Civil War. In her research, author Anne L. Austin discovered that nursing was but one of the fields of social welfare in which these remarkable women were leaders. Because the private lives of such pioneers have an important relation to their public activities, Austin felt that the story would best be told in the family setting. Generations of the Woolsey family & its collateral branches were notable in the U.S. beginning in the 17th century. This narrative is concerned primarily with Abby, Jane, & Georgeanna, three of the eight children of Charles William & Jane Eliza (Newton) Woolsey, who lived in N.Y. before, during, & after the Civil War. Throughout the war, under the auspices of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, these three women did important work for the Union on behalf of the wounded. Later, in civil life, they became leaders in promoting programs of social welfare, nursing education, & hospital nursing service, & one of them was a pioneer in the education of Negroes. Illus.

The first installment: provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy and other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, and samhita or divination. The related fields to which attention is paid in this study are cosmology & geography (largely of the Jainas) and those aspects of dharmasastra that involve the determination of the proper times for the performance of ritual acts. This vol. contains in their initial form the list of abbrev. of journals & series, the biblio., the list of mss. catalogues, and the articles concerning authors whose names begin with a, i, u, r, l, e ai, o, and au.

Why are most scientists indifferent to scientific methodology? The answer: ‘because what passes for scientific methodology is a misrepresentation of what scientists do.’ This book explores what is wrong with the traditional methodology of ‘inductive’ reasoning; the alternative scheme of reasoning can give the scientist a certain limited but useful insight into the way he thinks. The force of scientific enquiry comes from a preconception of what might be true -- which is exposed to critical analysis, to find out whether or not the imagined world corresponds with the real one. It is essentially a dialogue between imaginative insight and critical appraisal; between the possible and the actual; between what could be true and what is in fact the case.

These tables for A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649 are an extension, with some improvements, of earlier ones for 601 B.C. to A.D. 1. As before, they give the geocentric positions (tropic celestial longitudes & latitudes, i.e. with respect to the mean equinox of date), in units of 0 degrees.01 for the Sun & planets, & 0 degrees.1 for the Moon, at 16h Universal Time - 4 P.M. Greenwich Civil Time - 7 P.M. local mean time of 45 degrees East longitude (Babylon), on the indicated dates, all in the Julian calendar, hence for Julian dates 5n + 1/6 for the Moon, Mercury, & Venus, & 1-n + 1/6 for the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, & Saturn. The same adaptation of the theories of Leverrier, Gaillot, & Hansen, with modified elements by Schoch, was used as before, except as noted below. The chief change has been to improve the positions of Jupiter & Saturn. Tables.

The need for these tables became pressing when hundreds of astronomical cuneiform tables in the British Museum became available for study, partly through the copies made in the 1880s and 1890s. All these texts originally came from some archive in Babylon which was discovered by Arabs in the middle of the 19th century. Most of the texts were written from about 330 B.C. to the first century A.D. Many of the texts are fragments of the original clay tables which have broken. In many cases, a fragment contains only parts of a few legible lines. Much of the information is of an astronomical character. It is evident that for investigations of these tablets the possibility of rapid scanning of accurately dated planetary positions is of primary importance.

This comprehensive study developed from a synthesis of the history of Greco-Roman enslavement that author W.L. Westermann wrote for the “Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft” (1935). The first four chapters (Ch. I-IV) of this new synthesis cover the history of enslavement practice in the period of the free Greek polities. The four chapters on slave labor and the treatment of slaves as these presented themselves in the eastern Mediterranean area after the conquest of Egypt and southwestern Asia by Alexander of Macedon (Ch. V-VIII) are quite fully recast and rewritten. In them Westermann has tried to approach the problems of slave legislation and employment as displaying, in their own way, in an age conspicuously marked by cosmopolitanism and syncretism, the results of acceptances and rejections in the field of slave-labor economy. The account of slavery in the lands of the western Mediterranean during the period of the rise of the Roman republic will be found in Ch. IX-XII. The discussion of the slave systems of the Roman imperial world of the first thee centuries after Christ appears in Ch. XIII-XIX. The final chapters, XIX-XXIV, dealing with slavery in a world of aggressive and ultimately dominant Christianity are entirely new as contrasted with the brief statement made in the Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll treatment.

This is a print on demand Publication. The aborigines of Australia who lead a most primitive hunting and wild food collecting existence with a minimum of physical equipment nevertheless devote considerable attention to the decoration of their possessions, utilitarian as well as sacred. Much of Australian art apparently is primarily aesthetic but other appearances are of profound religious significance. This study is based on materials in museum collections in Australia, the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, field studies in North Australia, and published sources. Contents: Introduction; Decorative Art of the Australians; Techniques of Decoration; Objects Decorated; Weapons; Baskets and Containers; Various Objects of Regional or Local Significance; Bullroarers, Churinga and Other Sacred Objects; Symbolism; Distribution of Design Elements; Design Areas; Conclusions; Biblliography. Illus.