Volume 2, Issue 5

Some results concerning almost hyperHermitian structures are considered, using the notions of the canonical connection and the second fundamental tensor field h of a structure on a Riemannian manifold which were introduced by the second author. With the help of any metric connection $$\tilde \nabla $$ on an almost Hermitian manifold M an almost hyperHermitian structure can be constructed in the defined way on the tangent bundle TM. A similar construction was considered in [6], [7]. This structure includes two basic anticommutative almost Hermitian structures for which the second fundamental tensor fields h 1 and h 2 are computed. It allows us to consider various classes of almost hyperHermitian structures on TM. In particular, there exists an infinite-dimensional set of almost hyperHermitian structures on TTM where M is any Riemannian manifold.

Starting with some motivating examples (classical atlases for a manifold, space of leaves of a foliation, group orbits), we propose to view a Lie groupoid as a generalized atlas for the “virtual structure” of its orbit space, the equivalence between atlases being here the smooth Morita equivalence. This “structure” keeps memory of the isotropy groups and of the smoothness as well. To take the smoothness into account, we claim that we can go very far by retaining just a few formal properties of embeddings and surmersions, yielding a very polymorphous unifying theory. We suggest further developments.

The Evens-Lu-Weinstein representation (Q A, D) for a Lie algebroid A on a manifold M is studied in the transitive case. To consider at the same time non-oriented manifolds as well, this representation is slightly modified to (Q Aor, Dor) by tensoring by orientation flat line bundle, Q Aor=QA⊗or (M) and D or=D⊗∂Aor. It is shown that the induced cohomology pairing is nondegenerate and that the representation (Q Aor, Dor) is the unique (up to isomorphy) line representation for which the top group of compactly supported cohomology is nontrivial. In the case of trivial Lie algebroid A=TM the theorem reduce to the following: the orientation flat bundle (or (M), ∂Aor) is the unique (up to isomorphy) flat line bundle (ξ, ∇) for which the twisted de Rham complex of compactly supported differential forms on M with values in ξ possesses the nontrivial cohomology group in the top dimension. Finally it is obtained the characterization of transitive Lie algebroids for which the Lie algebroid cohomology with trivial coefficients (or with coefficients in the orientation flat line bundle) gives Poincaré duality. In proofs of these theorems for Lie algebroids it is used the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence and it is shown the general fact concerning pairings between graded filtered differential ℝ-vector spaces: assuming that the second terms live in the finite rectangular, nondegeneration of the pairing for the second terms (which can be infinite dimensional) implies the same for cohomology spaces.

We describe for any Riemannian manifold M a certain scheme M L, lying in between the first and second neighbourhood of the diagonal of M. Semi-conformal maps between Riemannian manifolds are then analyzed as those maps that preserve M L; harmonic maps are analyzed as those that preserve the (Levi-Civita-) mirror image formation inside M L.

Spherically symmetric space-times have attained considerable attention ever since the early beginnings of the theory of general relativity. In fact, they have appeared already in the papers of K. Schwarzschild [12] and W. De Sitter [5] which were published in 1916 and 1917 respectively soon after Einstein's epoch-making work [7] in 1915. The present survey is concerned mainly with recent results pertainig to the toplogy of spherically symmetric space-times. Definition. By space-time a connected time-oriented 4-dimensional Lorentz manifold is meant. If (M,<,>) is a space-time, and Φ: SO(3)×M→M an isometric action such that the maximal dimension of its orbits is equal to 2, then the action Φ is said to be spherical and the space-time is said to be spherically symmetric [8]; [11]. Likewise, isometric actions Ψ: O(3)×M→M are also considered ([10], p. 365; [4]) which will be called quasi-spherical if the maximal dimension of its orbits is 2 and then the space-time is said to be quasi-spherically symmetric here. Each quasi-spherical action yields a spherical one by restricting it to the action of SO(3); the converse of this statement will be considered elsewhere. The main results concerning spherically symmetric space-times are generally either of local character or pertaining to topologically restricted simple situations [14], and earlier results of global character are scarce [1], [4], [6], [13]. A report on recent results concerning the global geometry of spherically symmetric space-times [16] is presented below.

We define notion of a quaternionic and para-quaternionic CR structure on a (4n+3)-dimensional manifold M as a triple (ω1,ω2,ω3) of 1-forms such that the corresponding 2-forms satisfy some algebraic relations. We associate with such a structure an Einstein metric on M and establish relations between quaternionic CR structures, contact pseudo-metric 3-structures and pseudo-Sasakian 3-structures. Homogeneous examples of (para)-quaternionic CR manifolds are given and a reduction construction of non homogeneous (para)-quaternionic CR manifolds is described.

This is an indicatory presentation of main definitions and theorems of Fibonomial Calculus which is a special case of ψ-extented Rota's finite operator calculus [7].

“A Calculus of Sequences” started in 1936 by Ward constitutes the general scheme for extensions of classical operator calculus of Rota—Mullin considered by many afterwards and after Ward. Because of the notation we shall call the Ward's calculus of sequences in its afterwards elaborated form—a ψ-calculus. The ψ-calculus in parts appears to be almost automatic, natural extension of classical operator calculus of Rota—Mullin or equivalently—of umbral calculus of Roman and Rota. At the same time this calculus is an example of the algebraization of the analysis—here restricted to the algebra of polynomials. Many of the results of ψ-calculus may be extended to Markowsky Q-umbral calculus where Q stands for a generalized difference operator, i.e. the one lowering the degree of any polynomial by one. This is a review article based on the recent first author contributions [1]. As the survey article it is supplemented by the short indicatory glossaries of notation and terms used by Ward [2], Viskov [7, 8], Markowsky [12], Roman [28–32] on one side and the Rota-oriented notation on the other side [9–11, 1, 3, 4, 35] (see also [33]).

The paper explains the notion of projectively equivariant quantization. It gives a sketch of Martin Bordemann's proof of the existence of projectively equivariant quantization on arbitrary manifolds.

For natural numbers r,s,q,m,n with s≥r≤q we determine all natural functions g: T *(J (r,s,q)(Y, R 1,1)0)*→R for any fibered manifold Y with m-dimensional base and n-dimensional fibers. For natural numbers r,s,m,n with s≥r we determine all natural functions g: T *(J (r,s)(Y, R)0)*→R for any Y as above.

Results on characterization of manifolds in terms of certain Lie algebras growing on them, especially Lie algebras of differential operators, are reviewed and extended. In particular, we prove that a smooth (real-analytic, Stein) manifold is characterized by the corresponding Lie algebra of linear differential operators, i.e. isomorphisms of such Lie algebras are induced by the appropriate class of diffeomorphisms of the underlying manifolds.

Some geometric objects of higher order concerning extensions, semi-sprays, connections and Lagrange metrics are constructed using an anchored vector bundle.

A number of explicit solutions for the heat equation with a polynomial non-linearity and for the Fisher equation is presented. An extended class of non-linear heat equations admitting solitary wave solutions is described. The generalization of the Fisher equation is proposed whose solutions propagate with arbitrary ad hoc fixed velocity.

Goursat distributions are subbundles, of codimension at least 2, in the tangent bundles to manifolds having the flag of consecutive Lie squares of ranks not depending on a point and growing—very slowly—always by 1. The length of a flag thus equals the corank of the underlying distribution. After the works of, among others, Bryant&Hsu (1993), Jean (1996), and Montgomery&Zhitomirskii (2001), the local behaviours of Goursat flags of any fixed length r≥2 are stratified into geometric classes encoded by words of length r over the alphabet {G,S,T} (Generic, Singular, Tangent) starting with two letters G and having letter(s) T only directly after an S, or directly after another T. It follows from [6] that the Goursat germs sitting in any fixed geometric class have, up to translations by rk D−2, one and the same small growth vector (at the reference point) that can be computed recursively in terms of the G,S,T code. In the present paper we give explicit solutions to the recursive equations of Jean and show how, thanks to a surprisingly neat underlying arithmetics, one can algorithmically read back the relevant geometric class from a given small growth vector. This gives a secondary, Gödel-like super-encoding of the geometric classes of Goursat objects (rather than just a 1-1 correspondence between those classes and small growth vectors).

We consider a real analytic dynamical system G×M→M with nonempty fixed point subset M G. Using symmetries of G×M→M, we give some conditions which imply the existence of transitive Lie transformation group with G as isotropy subgroup.