Chapters in this book

1. Front Matter i
2. Contents vii
3. Acknowledgments ix
4. Introduction 3
5. 1 Nine Maps 7
6. 2 Two Premises 30
7. 3 Holistic Scoring and Great Britain, 1936–1949 49
8. 4 Great Britain and the Rejection of Holistic Scoring, 1949–1988 75
9. 5 Paul B. Diederich and AP Holistic Scoring in the United States, 1954–1980 98
10. 6 Osmond E. Palmer, Fred I. Godshalk, and the ECT, 1960–1972 119
11. 7 California Schools, 1960–1982 152
12. 8 Independent Researchers, 1960–1980, and NAEP, 1969–1984 188
13. 9 What Does a Score Mean? 226
14. Reconsiderations 263
15. Glossary Technical Terms Connected with Early Holistic Scoring of Writing 291
16. References 301
17. About the Authors 325
18. Index 327