Chapter 11. When a Lexigram Becomes a Symbol

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Contents VII
3. The Animal Intelligence Series IX
4. Foreword XIII
5. Preface XXI
6. Acknowledgements XXVII
7. Chapter 1. Humans, Apes, and Language 1
8. Chapter 2. In the Beginning Was the Request 18
9. Chapter 3. The Project and the System 33
10. Chapter 4. Apes Who Don’t Learn What You Try To Teach Them 60
11. Chapter 5. Talking to Teachers Instead of Machines 83
12. Chapter 6. The Functions of Symbols: Requesting, Naming, Comprehending 105
13. Chapter 7. First Symbolic Communications: From Sherman to Austin, From Austin to Sherman 125
14. Chapter 8. Giving, Taking, and Sharing: The Currency of Symbolic Exchange 149
15. Chapter 9. Tools: The Key To Learning That Objects Also Have Names 174
16. Chapter 10. The Intermeshing of Gesture and Symbol 206
17. Chapter 11. When a Lexigram Becomes a Symbol 242
18. Chapter 12. Anecdotes: Chance Occurrences, or Important Indicators 266
19. Chapter 13. Video Representations of Reality 299
20. Chapter 14. Making Statements 324
21. Chapter 15. Implications for Language Intervention Research: A Nonhuman Primate Model 355
22. Chapter 16. Ape-Language Research Beyond Nim 375
23. Chapter 17. Ape-Language Research: Past, Present and Future 398
24. Notes 405
25. References 411
26. Index of Names 423
27. Subject Index 427