From 1935 to 1950, Chiang Kai-shek steered China’s development as a nation and shaped global history. Yet he remains an enigmatic figure remembered primarily for losing a decisive civil war. A reinterpretation is overdue. Based on Chiang’s own writing, particularly his diary, Chiang Kai-shek’s Critical Years sheds new light on his call for mobilization against Japan in 1937 and his relations with US representatives during the war; his efforts first to accommodate and then to defeat the Chinese Communist Party; and his ability to hold on to the presidency of the Republic of China after 1949, despite disastrous military failure. This examination of Chiang’s daily planning and reflection on events reveals astute improvisation that ensured political survival despite setbacks and weaknesses. The sharpened sense of Chiang’s agency that emerges from this important book provides an invaluable foundation for further analysis of the military and political institutional structures he helped build.

Emily M. Hill is an associate professor in the Department of History at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. She is the author of Smokeless Sugar: The Death of a Provincial Bureaucrat and the Construction of China’s National Economy.

The authors’ carefully nuanced analyses of Chiang Kai-shek’s decision-making at key moments show the man as a complex actor in his own right, rather than as a one-dimensional caricature. Anyone interested in Chiang and his era should read this book.

Parks M. Coble, author of The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China’s Civil War:

This is an invaluable book on the most important political figure in twentieth-century China after Mao: Chiang Kai-shek. It will open the door for a revisitation of issues such as how the Marco Polo Incident led to all-out war.