10. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OUTWARD AND THE HOMEWORD FLIGHT IN THE INDICATION OF DISTANCE

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Foreword to the Paperback Edition xi
4. An Appreciation of Karl von Frisch xxi
5. Preface xxiii
6. Part One. The Dances of Bees
7. I. Historical 3
8. II. Methods in General 7
9. III. The Round Dance as a Means of Communication when Nectar Sources Are Nearby 28
10. IV. The Tail-Wagging Dance as a Means of Communication when Food Sources Are Distant
11. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE TAIL-WAGGING DANCE 57
12. 2. THE TRANSITION FROM THE ROUND DANCE TO THE TAIL–WAGGING DANCE 61
13. 3. COMPARISON OF NECTAR AND POLLEN COLLECTORS 62
14. A. THE INDICATION OF DISTANCE
15. 4. THE TEMPO OF THE DANCE 64
16. 5. THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL FACTORS ON THE DANCE TEMPO 70
17. 6. THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE TEMPO OF DANCING 75
18. 7. HOW ACCURATELY CAN NEWCOMERS FOLLOW THE DISTANCE INDICATIONS? STEPWISE EXPERIMENTS (STUFENVERSUCHE) 84
19. 8. WHAT PART OF THE TAIL–WAGGING DANCE IS THE SIGNAL THAT DEFINES THE DISTANCE? 96
20. 9. HOW DOES THE DANCER ESTIMATE THE DISTANCE? 109
21. 10. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OUTWARD AND THE HOMEWORD FLIGHT IN THE INDICATION OF DISTANCE 116
22. 11. THE SHAPE OF THE CURVE FOR DISTANCE 121
23. B. THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION
24. 12. FIRST HINTS OF THE MODE OF INDICATING THE DIRECTION OF THE GOAL 129
25. 13. THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE 131
26. 14. THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION ON THE SURFACE OF A VERTICAL COMB 137
27. 15. DANCES ON AN OBLIQUE COMB SURFACE 146
28. 16. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION, AND THE INFLUENCE OF AGE 149
29. 17. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ROUND DANCES AND TAIL–WAGGING DANCES 149
30. 18. HOW PRECISELY IS THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION FOLLOWED BY THE NEWCOMERS? EXPERIMENTS IN A FAN–SHAPED PATTERN 156
31. 19. DANCES WHEN THE SUN IS IN THE ZENITH 160
32. 20. NO INDICATION OF DIRECTION UPWARD OR DOWNWARD 163
33. 21. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OUTBOUND AND HOMEBOUND FLIGHTS FOR THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION 169
34. 22. DETOUR EXPERIMENTS 173
35. 23. THE INDICATION OF DIRECTION IN A CROSSWIND 186
36. 24. “MISDIRECTION” 196
37. 25. THE ROLE OF THE SCENT ORGAN AND FLORAL ODORS WITH DISTANT SOURCES OF FOOD 222
38. 26. WE LOOK FOR A FEEDING STATION FROM DIRECTIONS SUPPLIED BY THE BEES 227
39. V. Dependence of the Dances on the Profitability of Foraging Activity 236
40. VI. Guidance by Scent 257
41. VII. Application of the Dances to Other Objectives 265
42. VIII. Other Dance Forms 278
43. IX. Danceless Communication by Means of Sounds and Scents 285
44. X. Variants of the “Language of the Bees” 293
45. XI. Phylogeny and Symbolism of the “Language of the Bees” 321
46. Part Two. The Orientation of Bees on the Way to the Goal
47. XII. Orientation on Long–Distance Flights 331
48. XIII. Orientation When Near the Goal 465
49. Retrospect 524
50. References 527
51. Index 557