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A Source Book in Geology, 1400–1900

  • Kirtley F. Mather and Shirley L. Mason
Language: English
Published/Copyright: 1970
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Source Books in the History of the Sciences

Topics

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    Frontmatter

    i
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    GENERAL EDITOR’S PREFACE

    vii
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    A SOURCE BOOK IN GEOLOGY

    ix
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  • Publicly Available

    Contents

    xiii
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    Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): THE EARTH AND THE SEA

    1
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    AGRICOLA [GEORG BAUER] (1494–1555): THESTRUCTURE OF THE EARTH AND THE FORCES WHICH CHANGE THE EARTH

    7
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    GEORGE OWEN (1552–1613): THE COURSE OF ROCK SEAMS IN PENBROKSHIRE

    12
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    RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650): RATIONAL BASIS FOR HYPOTHESIS OF CREATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM: THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH

    14
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    ATHANASIUS KIRCHER (1602–1680): THE SUBTERRANEAN WORLD

    17
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    PIERRE PERRAULT (1611–1680): THE SOURCE OF WATER IN SPRINGS AND RIVERS

    20
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    BERNHARD VARENIUS (1622–1650): THE FIRST PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

    24
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    ROBERT BOYLE (1627–1691): CONDITIONS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA

    27
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    HOOKE ROBERT HOOKE (1635–1703): EARTHQUAKES

    28
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    NICOLAUS STENO (1638–1687): OF SOLIDS NATURALLY CONTAINED WITHIN SOLIDS

    33
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    GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ (1646–1716): THE EARTH ORIGINALLY MOLTEN

    45
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    BENOIT DE MAILLET (1656–1738): STRATA FORMED BENEATH THE SEA

    47
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    John Woodward (1665–1722) EARTH HISTORY AND THE DELUGE

    49
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    John Stracbey (1671–1743): OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRATA IN THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL FIELDS

    53
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    Lewis Evans (c. 1700-1756): THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA

    55
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    Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788): THE COLLISION HYPOTHESIS OF EARTH ORIGIN – EPOCHS OF THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH

    58
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    GIOVANNI TARGIONI–TOZZETTI (1712–1784): VALLEYS FORMED BY STREAM EROSION

    74
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    GIOVANNI ARDUINO (1713–1795): ORIGIN OF MARBLE AND DOLOMITE

    76
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    JEANNE ETIENNE GUETTARD (1715–1786): MAP SHOWING THE ROCKS THAT TRAVERSE FRANCE AND ENGLAND 77 T H E FLUVIATILE ORIGIN OF THE PUDDINGSTONES [CONGLOMERATES] OF THE PARIS BASIN – THE FLUVIATILE ORIGIN OF THE PUDDINGSTONES [CONGLOMERATES] OF THE PARIS BASIN

    77
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    JOHN MICHELL (1724-1793): THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES – THE EARTH COMPOSED OF REGULAR AND UNIFORM STRATA

    80
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    IMMANUEL KANT ( 1724–1804): A NATURALISTIC HYPOTHESIS OF EARTH ORIGIN

    88
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    NICOLAS DESMAREST (1725–1805): THE VOLCANIC ORIGIN OF BASALT – AGE DETERMINATION IN A VOLCANIC REGION

    90
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    JAMES HUTTON (1726-1797): THEORY OF THE EARTH

    92
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    LAZARRO SPALLANZANI (1729–1799): ON BASALTIFORM LAVAS AND THE ROLE OF GASES IN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

    101
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    HENRY CAVENDISH (1731–1810): EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE DENSITY OF THE EARTH

    103
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    JEAN BAPTISLE LOUIS ROME DE L’ISLE (1736-1790): LAWS OF CRYSTALLIZATION

    108
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    RUDOLPH ERIC RASPE (1737–1794): COLUMNAR JOINTING IN BASALTIC LAVA

    111
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    Horace Benedicte de Saussure (1740–1799): ALPINE GEOLOGY

    114
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    Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811): MOUNTAINS OF VARIOUS AGES

    123
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    Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794): LITTORAL AND PELAGIC BEDS

    126
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    Abbi René Just Hauy (1743-1822): A BASIS FOR A SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY

    129
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    Jobn Playfair (1748–1819): PROOFS OF THE HUTTONIAN THEORIES

    131
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    Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817): THE AQUEOUS ORIGIN OF BASALT

    138
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    Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749–1847): THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

    143
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    Guy S. Tancrède de Dolomieu (1750-1801): RHYOLITIC LAVAS – RELATIONS BETWEEN THE AUVERGNE VOLCANICS AND THE GRANITE ON WHICH THEY REST – ON THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN DOLOMITE AND LIMESTONE

    151
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    Jean Louis Giraud, Abbi Soulavie (1752–1813): METHODS OF DETERMINING THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF ROCKS

    155
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    Sir James Hall (1761–1832): MARBLE FROM LIMESTONE IN THE LABORATORY – RESULTS OF THE SLOW COOLING OF MELTED ROCK – THE ROLE OF HEAT IN THE CONSOLIDATION OF STRATA

    158
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    William Maclure (1763–1840): OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

    168
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    Ernst Friederieb, Baron von Scblottbeim (1764–1832): ON THE USE OF FOSSILS IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

    174
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    WILLIAM NICOL (C. 1768–1851): THE NICOL PRISM – THE PREPARATION OF THIN SECTIONS

    176
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    Friedrieb Heinrieb Alexander, Baron von Humboldt (1769–1859): VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN MEXICO – EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES IN THE AMERICAS

    179
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    Léopold Chrétien Frédiric Dagobert Cuvier (1769–1832) REVOLUTIONS AND CATASTROPHES IN THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH

    188
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    Léopold Chrétien Frédiric Dagobert Cuvier (1769–1832) and Alexandre Brongniart (1770–1847): STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PARIS BASIN

    194
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    William Smith (1769–1839): THE STRATA OF ENGLAND

    201
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    John Macculloch (1773–1835): METAMORPHIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE WESTERN ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND

    205
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    Leopold von Buch (1774–1852): THE IGNEOUS ORIGIN OF BASALT – THE RAISED COASTS OF SWEDEN – THE UPHEAVAL OF VOLCANOES – THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS

    208
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    Pierre Louis Antoine Cordier (1777–1862): THE CRYSTALLINE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ROCK – THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT OF THE EARTH’S INTERIOR

    214
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    Jean Baptiste Julien d’Omalius D’Halloy (1783-1875): THE SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS

    220
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    Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873): THE METAMORPHISM OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – ON THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE LOWER PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND AND WALES

    222
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    Louis Constant Prévost (17870–1867): A NEW VOLCANIC ISLAND NOT UPHEAVED

    230
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    Francis Walker Gilmer (1790–1826): THE NATURAL BRIDGE OF VIRGINIA A RESULT OF EROSION

    233
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    Jean Renk Constant Quoy (1790–1869) and Joseph Paul Gaimard (c. 1790–1858): THE FORMATION OF CORAL ISLANDS

    235
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    Charles Babbage (1790–1871): THE TEMPLE OF SERAPIS

    237
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    Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871): THE SILURIAN SYSTEM – THE PERMIAN SYSTEM

    244
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    Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864): FOOT MARKS ON NEW RED SANDSTONE IN MASSACHUSETTS – METAMORPHISM OF THE NEWPORT CONGLOMERATE

    250
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    Bernard Studer (1794–1887): METAMORPHIC MESOZOIC ROCKS DISTINGUISHED FROM PALEOZOIC

    257
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    Henry Thomas De la Beche (1796–1855) THE DRAFTING OF GEOLOGICAL SECTIONS

    260
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    Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875): UNFORMITARIANISM – SUBDIVISIONS OF THE TERTIARY EPOCH

    263
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    George Poulett Scrope (1797–1876): VOLCANOES – THE ORIGIN OF VALLEYS

    274
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    Abraham Gesner (1797–1864): THE GEOLOGY OF GRAND MANAN

    280
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    Ebenezer Emmons (1798–1863): THE TACONIC SYSTEM

    284
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    Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce Élie de Beaumont (1798–1874): THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF MOUNTAIN BUILDING

    288
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    Sir William Edmond Logan (1798–1875) and Thomas Sterry Hunt (1826–1892): GEOLOGIC OUTLINE OF CANADA

    291
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    Sir William Edmond Logan (1798–1875): HURONIAN AND LAURENTIAN DIVISIONS OF THE AZOIC ROCKS – A PRE-CAMBRIAN FOSSIL

    295
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    Heinrieb Georg Bronn (1800–1862): THE PLAN OF CREATION IN THE SERIES OF GEOLOGICAL AGES

    299
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    George Perkins Marsh (1801–1882): INFLUENCE OF THE FOREST ON FLOODS

    305
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    HUGH MILLER (1802–1856): A QUARRY LABORER AS A GEOLOGICAL OBSERVER

    313
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    Sir Richard Owen (1804–1892): THE ARCHEOPTERYX FROM SOLENHOFEN

    317
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    Daniel Sharpe (1806–1856): THE RELATION BETWEEN DISTORTION AND SLATY CLEAVAGE

    321
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    Reinhard Bernhardt: AN HYPOTHESIS OF EXTENSIVE GLACIATION IN PREHISTORIC TIME

    327
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    Louis Jean Agassiz (1807–1873) EVIDENCE OF A GLACIAL EPOCH

    329
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    WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS (1805–1881): FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF THE EARLY PALEOZOIC AGE OF CERTAIN ROCKS IN NEW ENGLAND

    336
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    HENRY DARWIN ROGERS (1809–1866) AND WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS (1805–1881): MOUNTAIN BUILDING FORCES EXEMPLIFIED BY THE APPALACHIAN SYSTEM

    338
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    HENRY DARWIN ROGERS ( 1809–1866): AN INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF THE APPALACHIAN COAL STRATA, BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITIC

    346
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    CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809–1882): THE ORIGIN OF CORAL REEFS AND ISLANDS – THE SETTLING OF CRYSTALS IN MOLTEN LAVA – T H E NATURE OF GRANITE CONTACTS – RECENT UPLIFT OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN COAST – THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD OF LIFE DEVELOPMENT

    354
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    ROBERT EVEREST (C. 1805–C. 1875): A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF STREAM TRANSPORTATION

    365
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    ANDREW ATKINSON HUMPHREYS (1810–1883) AND HENRY LARCOM ABBOT (1831–1927): THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT CARRIED BY THE MISSISSIPPI

    367
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    WILLIAM H. SIDELL (1810–1873): ON CERTAIN GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA

    369
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    THOMAS OLDHAM (1817–1878): STREAM EROSION AND TRANSPORTATION

    371
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    ALEXANDRE SURELL (1813–1887): TORRENTIAL STREAMS AND THEIR CONTROL

    372
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    JOSEPH BEETE JUKES (1811–1869): DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTEMPORANEOUS AND INTRUSIVE TRAP

    378
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    ROBERT WILHELM EBERHARD VON BUNSEN ( 1811–1899): GENETIC RELATIONS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

    381
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    Robert Mallet (1810–1881): THE DYNAMICS OF EARTHQUAKES

    384
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    John Henry Pratt (c. 1811–1871): THE ATTRACTION OF THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS UPON THE PLUMBLINE IN INDIA – THE DEFLECTION OF THE PLUMB-LINE IN INDIA AND THE COMPENSATORY EFFECT OF A DEFICIENCY OF MATTER BELOW THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS – SPECULATION ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EARTH’S CRUST

    393
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    George Bedell Airy (1801–1892): AN HYPOTHESIS OF CRUSTAL BALANCE

    401
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    JAMES HALL (1811–1898) CORRELATION OF PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF NEW YORK WITH THOSE OF EUROPE – THE RELATION OF MOUNTAINS TO REGIONS OF THICK SEDIMENTARY ACCUMULATION – PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN PALEOZOIC SEAS

    406
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    James Dwight Dana ( 1813–1895): ORIGIN OF THE MINERAL CONSTITUTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS – ON THE ORIGIN OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAIN RANGES – ON THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

    416
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    Sir Andrew Crosbie Ramsay (1814–1891): MARINE DENUDATION IN SOUTHERN WALES – ON THE PROBABLE EXISTENCE OF GLACIERS AND ICEBERGS IN THE PERMIAN EPOCH

    430
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    Gabriel August Daubrée (1814–1896): EXPERIMENTS ON THE ACTION OF SUPERHEATED WATER IN THE FORMATION OF SILICATES – FRACTURES RESULTING FROM TORSIONAL STRAINS – EXPERIMENTS ON THE FOLDING AND FAULTING OF STRATA

    440
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    Alpbonse Favre (1815–1890): EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF MOUNTAIN STRUCTURES BY LATERAL COMPRESSION

    448
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    J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903): APPALACHIAN STRUCTURE AND TOPOGRAPHY – PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF EASTERN UNITED STATES

    450
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    John William Dawson (1820–1899): MARINE ALLUVIAL SOILS – CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS OF THE JOGGINS SECTION

    461
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    Jobn Strong Newberry ( 1822–1892): CIRCLES OF DEPOSITION IN AMERICAN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

    465
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    Joseph Le Conte (1823–1901): ON THE ORIGIN OF NORMAL FAULTS AND OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASIN REGION

    467
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    SIR WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN ( 1824–1907): ON THE SECULAR COOLING OF THE EARTH

    472
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    HERMANN STERNBERG (1825–1885): STREAM PROFILES

    477
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    THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY ( 1825–1895): THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE HORSE

    479
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    HENRY CLIFTON SORBY (1826–1908): ON THE ORIGIN OF SLATY CLEAVAGE – ON THE MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS, INDICATING THE ORIGIN OF MINERALS AND ROCKS – THIN SECTIONS AND THEIR VALUE TO THE GEOLOGIST

    484
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    FERDINAND ANDRÉ FOUQUÉ (1828–1904 ): AND AUGUSTE MICHEL-LÉVY (1844–1908) THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF FELDSPARS – THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF A CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS ROCK

    494
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    WILLIAM HENRY BREWER (1828–1910): THE DEPOSITION OF CLAY IN SALT WATER

    497
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    CARL OCHSENIUS (1830–1906): THE DEPOSITION OF ROCK SALT

    499
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    EDUARD SUESS (1831–1914): ON MOUNTAIN STRUCTURES AND THE FORCES WHICH FORM THEM – STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE EARTH

    503
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    THOMAS MELLARD READE (1832–1909): THE IMPORTANCE OF SOLUTION AS A FACTOR IN EROSION

    509
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    BARON FERDINAND VON RICHTBOFEN (1833–1905): A CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANIC ROCKS – MARINE ABRASION AND TRANSGRESSION

    511
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    JOHN WESLEY POWELL (1834–1902): A CLASSIFICATION OF STREAMS AND VALLEYS

    518
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    SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE (1835–1924): ON DENUDATION NOW IN PROGRESS

    523
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    GASTON DE LA NOË (1836–1902): AND EMMANUEL DE MARGERIE (1862–): CONCERNING THE FASHIONING OF SLOPES

    529
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    FERENCZ POŠEPNÝ (1836–1895): GROUND WATER AND THE DEPOSITION OF ORE BODIES

    537
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    Raphael Pumpelly (1837-1923): THE RELATION OF SECULAR ROCK-DISINTEGRATION TO LOESS, GLACIAL DRIFT, AND ROCK BASINS

    542
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    Richard Anthony Proctor (1837–1888): METEORIC SYSTEMS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH

    547
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    James Geikie (1839–1915): ON CHANGES OF CLIMATE DURING THE GLACIAL EPOCH

    549
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    Nathaniel Soutbgate Shaler (1841–1906): THE CHANGE OF SEA LEVEL – ORIGIN OF FIORDS AND ESTUARIES

    551
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    Clarence Edward Dutton (1841–1912): THE GREAT DENUDATION – ISOSEISMAL LINES AND EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY – ISOSTASY

    555
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    Karl August Lossen (1841–1893): THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTACT AND REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

    569
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    Alexander William Bickerton (1842–1914): COLLISION AND ACCRETION HYPOTHESIS OF EARTH ORIGIN

    574
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    Charles Lapworth (1842–1920): THE ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM – THE SECRET OF THE HIGHLANDS

    578
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    Grove Karl Gilbert (1843–1918): AN ANALYSIS OF SUBAERIAL EROSION – LAND SCULPTURE – LACCOLITHS AND THEIR ORIGIN – HISTORY OF LAKE BONNEVILLE – THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF LAKE SHORES

    581
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    Tbomas Crowder Cbamberlin (1843–1928): THE METHOD OF MULTIPLE WORKING HYPOTHESIS – ON THE INTERIOR STRUCTURE, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, AND AGE OF THE EARTH – THE PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS

    604
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    Marcel Alexandre Bertrand (1847-1907): OVERTHRUSTING IN THE ALPS

    631
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    Archibald Robertson Marvine (1848–1876): PROCESSES OF EROSION IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE

    637
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    Israel Charles White (1848–1927): THE ANTICLINAL THEORY OF GAS ACCUMULATION

    639
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    ALBERT HEIM (1849–1937): ON ROCK DEFORMATION DURING MOUNTAIN BUILDING

    642
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    WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS (1850–1934): THE EROSION CYCLE IN THE LIFE OF A RIVER – PLAINS OF MARINE AND SUBAERIAL DENUDATION

    649
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    W.J. MCGEE (1853–1912): THE COASTAL PLAIN AND THE FALL LINE

    661
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    JOSEPH PAXSON IDDINGS (1857–1920): PHENOCRYSTS – RELATION BETWEEN MINERAL COMPOSITION AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

    663
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    CHARLES RICHARD VAN HISE (1857–1918): PRE–CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY – THE MEANING OF ROCK FLOWAGE

    666
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    GUIDE TO SUBJECT MATTER

    683
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    Index

    693
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Publishing information
Pages and Images/Illustrations in book
eBook published on:
October 1, 2013
eBook ISBN:
9780674180666
Hardcover published on:
February 5, 1970
Hardcover ISBN:
9780674180659
Edition:
Reprint 2014
Pages and Images/Illustrations in book
Front matter:
22
Main content:
702
Illustrations:
42
Other:
7 illustrations, 20 figures, 1 map, 5 tables
https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674180666
eBook ISBN: 9780674180666
Hardcover ISBN: 9780674180659
Keywords for this book
SCIENCE / General; SCIENCE / History; Geology -- History.; Geology.
Audience(s) for this book
Professional and scholarly;
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    79 Garden Street
    Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
    productsafety@degruyterbrill.com

  • EU responsible person:
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Genthiner Straße 13
    10785 Berlin
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