Chapter 3. How Did It Come to Th is?

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents ix
3. List of Maps xi
4. Preface xiii
5. Abbreviations xvii
6. Chapter 1. Escalation 1
7. Chapter 2. Saddam’s Qadisiyyah 21
8. Chapter 3. How Did It Come to Th is? 45
9. Chapter 4. Did the United States Push Saddam to Attack? 68
10. Chapter 5. France Sides with Iraq 88
11. Chapter 6. The Arabs Divided 100
12. Chapter 7. Israel Banks on Iran and Turkey Benefits from the War 113
13. Chapter 8. The “Valmy” Effect 121
14. Chapter 9. Stalemate 135
15. Chapter 10. The Initiative Changes Sides 151
16. Chapter 11. The Mullahs Take Power 170
17. Chapter 12. First Victories 181
18. Chapter 13. New Mediation 202
19. Chapter 14. The Iranians Recapture Their Territory 210
20. Chapter 15. Blessed Ramadan Offensive 223
21. Chapter 16. Bloody Dawns 243
22. Chapter 17. Saddam’s Ace in the Hole 255
23. Chapter 18. The Lebanese Hostage Crisis 271
24. Chapter 19. Money Has No Smell 290
25. Chapter 20. Total War 302
26. Chapter 21. The Year of the Pilot 319
27. Chapter 22. Oil and the War Machine 332
28. Chapter 24. Deadlock 362
29. Chapter 25. The Iran-Contra Affair 379
30. Chapter 26. All- Out Offensives 388
31. Chapter 27. Iran Changes Strategy 401
32. Chapter 28. The Gulf Set Ablaze 420
33. Chapter 29. The Halabja Massacre 433
34. Chapter 30. The Destruction of Iran Air Flight 655 443
35. Chapter 31. Endgame 463
36. Epilogue 474
37. Appendixes 487
38. Notes 575
39. Sources 597
40. Acknowledgments 617
41. Index 619