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1956, April 16 “Roll Over Beethoven”

  • James Miller
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A New Literary History of America
This chapter is in the book A New Literary History of America
© 2021 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

© 2021 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. CONTENTS v
  3. INTRODUCTION xxi
  4. A New Literary History of America
  5. 1507 The name “America” appears on a map 1
  6. 1521, August 13 Mexico in America 6
  7. 1536, July 24 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 11
  8. 1585 “Counterfeited according to the truth” 15
  9. 1607 Fear and love in the Virginia colony 21
  10. 1630 A city upon a hill 26
  11. 1643 A nearer neighbor to the Indians 30
  12. 1666, July 10 Anne Bradstreet 35
  13. 1670 The American jeremiad 40
  14. 1670 The stamp of God’s image 44
  15. 1673 The Jesuit relations 50
  16. 1683 Francis Daniel Pastorius 54
  17. 1692 The Salem witchcraft trials 59
  18. 1693–1694, March 4 Edward Taylor 64
  19. 1700 Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph 69
  20. 1722 Benjamin Franklin, The Silence Dogood Letters 74
  21. 1740 The Great Awakening 79
  22. Late 1740s; 1814, September 13–14 Two national anthems 84
  23. 1765, December 23 Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur 88
  24. 1773, September Phillis Wheatley 93
  25. 1776 The Declaration of Independence 98
  26. 1784, June Charles Willson Peale 103
  27. 1787 James Madison, Notes of the Debates in the Federal Convention 108
  28. 1787–1790 John Adams, Discourses on Davila 113
  29. 1791 Philip Freneau and The National Gazette 117
  30. 1796 Washington’s farewell address 122
  31. 1798 Mary Rowlandson and the Alien and Sedition Acts 127
  32. 1798 American gothic 131
  33. 1801, March 4 Jefferson’s first inaugural address 136
  34. 1804, January The matter of Haiti 141
  35. 1809 Cupola of the world 145
  36. 1819, February The Missouri crisis 150
  37. 1820, November 27 Landscape with birds 154
  38. 1821 Sequoyah, the Cherokee syllabary 160
  39. 1821, June 30 Junius Brutus Booth 164
  40. 1822 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the Ojibwe firefly, and Longfellow’s Hiawatha 168
  41. 1825, November Thomas Cole and the Hudson River school 173
  42. 1826, July 4 Songs of the republic 178
  43. 1826 Cooper’s Leatherstocking tales 182
  44. 1826; 1927 Transnational poetry 187
  45. 1827 Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon 192
  46. 1828 David Walker, Appeal, in Four Articles 196
  47. 1830, May 21 Jump Jim Crow 201
  48. 1831, March 5 The Cherokee Nation decision 205
  49. 1832, July 10 President Jackson’s bank veto 210
  50. 1835, January Democracy in America 215
  51. 1835 William Gilmore Simms, The Yemassee 221
  52. 1835 The Sacred Harp 225
  53. 1836, February 23–March 6 The Alamo and Texas border writing 230
  54. 1836, February 28 Richard Henry Dana, Jr. 235
  55. 1837, August 15 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” 239
  56. 1838, July 15 “The Divinity School Address” 244
  57. 1838, September 3 The slave narrative 249
  58. 1841 “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 254
  59. 1846, June James Russell Lowell’s Biglow Papers 259
  60. 1846, late July Henry David Thoreau 263
  61. 1850 The Scarlet Letter 268
  62. 1850, July 19 Margaret Fuller and the Transcendentalist Movement 273
  63. 1850, August 5 Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville 278
  64. 1851 Moby-Dick 283
  65. 1851 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 287
  66. 1852 Hawthorne’s Blithedale Romance and utopian communities 292
  67. 1852, July 5 Frederick Douglass, “What to the slave is the Fourth of July?” 297
  68. 1854 Maria Cummins and sentimental fiction 302
  69. 1855 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass 306
  70. 1858 The Lincoln-Douglas debates 312
  71. 1859 The science of the Indian 317
  72. 1861 Emily Dickinson 322
  73. 1862, December 13 The journeys of Little Women 328
  74. 1865, March 4 Lincoln’s second inaugural address 333
  75. 1865 “Conditions of repose” 338
  76. 1869, March 4 Carl Schurz 344
  77. 1872, November 5 All men and women are created equal 349
  78. 1875 The Winchester Rifle 353
  79. 1876, January 6 Melville in the dark 358
  80. 1876, March 10 The art of telephony 362
  81. 1878 “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” 366
  82. 1879 John Muir and nature writing 371
  83. 1881, January 24 Henry James, Portrait of a Lady 375
  84. 1884 Mark Twain’s hairball 380
  85. 1884, July The Linotype machine 384
  86. 1884, November The Southwest imagined 387
  87. 1885 The problem of error 392
  88. 1885, July Limits to violence 397
  89. 1885, October Writing New Orleans 401
  90. 1888 The introduction of motion pictures 406
  91. 1889, August 28 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 410
  92. 1893 Chief Simon Pokagon and Native American literature 415
  93. 1895 Ida B. Wells, A Red Record 420
  94. 1896 Paul Laurence Dunbar, Lyrics of Lowly Life 425
  95. 1896, September 6 Queen Lili‘uokalani 429
  96. 1897, Memorial Day The Robert Gould Shaw and 54th Regiment Monument 434
  97. 1898, June 22 Literature and imperialism 440
  98. 1899; 1924 McTeague and Greed 445
  99. 1900 Henry Adams 450
  100. 1900 The Wizard of Oz 455
  101. 1900; 1905 Sister Carrie and The House of Mirth 459
  102. 1901 Charles W. Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition 464
  103. 1901; 1903 The problem of the color line 469
  104. 1903, May 5 “The real American has not yet arrived” 473
  105. 1903 The invention of the blues 478
  106. 1903 One sees what one sees 482
  107. 1904, August 30 Henry James in America 488
  108. 1905, October 15 Little Nemo in Slumberland 493
  109. 1906, April 9 The Azusa Street revival 498
  110. 1906, April 18, 5:14 a.m. The San Francisco Earthquake 503
  111. 1911 “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” 507
  112. 1912, April 15 Lifeboats cut adrift 512
  113. 1912 The lure of impossible things 517
  114. 1912 Tarzan begins his reign 522
  115. 1913 A modernist moment 526
  116. 1915 D. W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation 531
  117. 1915 Robert Frost 536
  118. 1917 The philosopher and the millionaire 540
  119. 1920, August 10 Mamie Smith’s “Crazy Blues” 545
  120. 1921 Jean Toomer 550
  121. 1922 T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence 554
  122. 1923, October Chaplinesque 559
  123. 1924 F. O. Matthiessen meets Russell Cheney 564
  124. 1924, May 26 The Johnson-Reed Act and ethnic literature 569
  125. 1925 The Great Gatsby 574
  126. 1925, June Sinclair Lewis 580
  127. 1925, July The Scopes trial 584
  128. 1925, August 16 Dorothy Parker 588
  129. 1926 Fire 593
  130. 1926 Hardboiled 598
  131. 1926 The Book-of-the-Month Club 602
  132. 1927 Carl Sandburg and The American Songbag 607
  133. 1927, May 16 “Free to develop their faculties” 612
  134. 1928, April 8, Easter Sunday Dilsey Gibson goes to church 617
  135. 1928, Summer John Dos Passos 622
  136. 1928, November 18 The mouse that whistled 627
  137. 1930 “You’re swell!” 632
  138. 1930, March The Silent Enemy 636
  139. 1930, October Grant Wood’s American Gothic 640
  140. 1931, March 19 Nevada legalizes gambling 644
  141. 1932 Edmund Wilson, The American Jitters 649
  142. 1932 Arthur Miller 654
  143. 1932, April or May The River Rouge plant and industrial beauty 659
  144. 1932, Christmas Ned Cobb 663
  145. 1933 Baby Face is censored 668
  146. 1933, March FDR’s first Fireside Chat 672
  147. 1934, September Robert Penn Warren 677
  148. 1935 The Popular Front 683
  149. 1935 The skyscraper 689
  150. 1935, June 10 Alcoholics Anonymous 695
  151. 1935, October 10 Porgy and Bess 700
  152. 1936 Gone with the Wind and Absalom, Absalom 705
  153. 1936, July 5 Two days in Harlem 710
  154. 1936, November 23 Life begins 714
  155. 1938 Superman 719
  156. 1938, May Jelly Roll Morton speaks 724
  157. 1939 Billie Holiday, “Strange Fruit” 728
  158. 1939; 1981 Up from invisibility 732
  159. 1940 “No way like the American way” 737
  160. 1940–1944 Preston Sturges 742
  161. 1941 An insolent style 747
  162. 1941 Citizen Kane 752
  163. 1941 The word “multicultural” 757
  164. 1943 Hemingway’s paradise, Hemingway’s prose 762
  165. 1944 The second Bill of Rights 766
  166. 1945, February Bebop 770
  167. 1945, April 11 Thomas Pynchon and modern war 775
  168. 1945, August 6, 10:45 a.m. The atom bomb 780
  169. 1946, December 5 Integrating the military 786
  170. 1947, December 3 Tennessee Williams 790
  171. 1948 Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics 795
  172. 1948 Saul Bellow 799
  173. 1949–1950 “The Birth of the Cool” 804
  174. 1950, November 28 “Damned busy painting” 809
  175. 1951 A poet among painters 814
  176. 1951 The Catcher in the Rye 819
  177. 1951 James Jones, From Here to Eternity 823
  178. 1951 A soft voice 828
  179. 1952, April 12 Elia Kazan and the blacklist in Hollywood 832
  180. 1952, June 10 C. L. R. James 837
  181. 1953, January 1 The song in country music 842
  182. 1954 Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems 847
  183. 1955, August 11 “The self-respect of my people” 852
  184. 1955, September 21 A. J. Liebling and the Marciano- Moore fight 856
  185. 1955, October 7 A generation in miniature 861
  186. 1955, December Nabokov’s Lolita 866
  187. 1956, April 16 “Roll Over Beethoven” 871
  188. 1957 Dr. Seuss 876
  189. 1959 “Nobody’s perfect” 880
  190. 1960 Psycho 885
  191. 1960, January More than a game 890
  192. 1961, January 20 JFK’s inaugural address and Catch-22 895
  193. 1961, July 2 The author as advertisement 899
  194. 1962 Bob Dylan writes “Song to Woody” 904
  195. 1962 “White Elephant Art vs. Termite Art” 908
  196. 1963, April “Letter from Birmingham Jail” 913
  197. 1964 Robert Lowell, “For the Union Dead” 918
  198. 1964, October 27 “The last stand on Earth” 923
  199. 1965, September 11 The Council on Interracial Books for Children 928
  200. 1965, October The Autobiography of Malcolm X 932
  201. 1968 Norman Mailer 938
  202. 1968, March The illusory babels of language 943
  203. 1968, August 28 The plight of conservative literature 948
  204. 1969 Elizabeth Bishop, Complete Poems 953
  205. 1969, January 11 The first Asian Americans 958
  206. 1969, November 12 The eye of Vietnam 963
  207. 1970 Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker 968
  208. 1970; 1972 Linda Lovelace 973
  209. 1973 Loisaida literature 977
  210. 1973 Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck 983
  211. 1975 Gayl Jones 988
  212. 1981, March 31 Toni Morrison 993
  213. 1982 Edmund White, A Boy’s Own Story 997
  214. 1982 Wild Style 1002
  215. 1982 Maya Lin’s wall 1006
  216. 1982, November 8 Harriet Wilson 1012
  217. 1985, April 24 Henry Roth 1016
  218. 1987 Maxine Hong Kingston, Tripmaster Monkey 1020
  219. 1995 Philip Roth 1025
  220. 2001 Twenty-first-century free verse 1030
  221. 2003 Richard Powers, The Time of Our Singing 1035
  222. 2005, August 29 Hurricane Katrina 1039
  223. 2008, November 4 Barack Obama 1045
  224. Contributors 1051
  225. Index 1063
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054219-184

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. CONTENTS v
  3. INTRODUCTION xxi
  4. A New Literary History of America
  5. 1507 The name “America” appears on a map 1
  6. 1521, August 13 Mexico in America 6
  7. 1536, July 24 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 11
  8. 1585 “Counterfeited according to the truth” 15
  9. 1607 Fear and love in the Virginia colony 21
  10. 1630 A city upon a hill 26
  11. 1643 A nearer neighbor to the Indians 30
  12. 1666, July 10 Anne Bradstreet 35
  13. 1670 The American jeremiad 40
  14. 1670 The stamp of God’s image 44
  15. 1673 The Jesuit relations 50
  16. 1683 Francis Daniel Pastorius 54
  17. 1692 The Salem witchcraft trials 59
  18. 1693–1694, March 4 Edward Taylor 64
  19. 1700 Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph 69
  20. 1722 Benjamin Franklin, The Silence Dogood Letters 74
  21. 1740 The Great Awakening 79
  22. Late 1740s; 1814, September 13–14 Two national anthems 84
  23. 1765, December 23 Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur 88
  24. 1773, September Phillis Wheatley 93
  25. 1776 The Declaration of Independence 98
  26. 1784, June Charles Willson Peale 103
  27. 1787 James Madison, Notes of the Debates in the Federal Convention 108
  28. 1787–1790 John Adams, Discourses on Davila 113
  29. 1791 Philip Freneau and The National Gazette 117
  30. 1796 Washington’s farewell address 122
  31. 1798 Mary Rowlandson and the Alien and Sedition Acts 127
  32. 1798 American gothic 131
  33. 1801, March 4 Jefferson’s first inaugural address 136
  34. 1804, January The matter of Haiti 141
  35. 1809 Cupola of the world 145
  36. 1819, February The Missouri crisis 150
  37. 1820, November 27 Landscape with birds 154
  38. 1821 Sequoyah, the Cherokee syllabary 160
  39. 1821, June 30 Junius Brutus Booth 164
  40. 1822 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the Ojibwe firefly, and Longfellow’s Hiawatha 168
  41. 1825, November Thomas Cole and the Hudson River school 173
  42. 1826, July 4 Songs of the republic 178
  43. 1826 Cooper’s Leatherstocking tales 182
  44. 1826; 1927 Transnational poetry 187
  45. 1827 Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon 192
  46. 1828 David Walker, Appeal, in Four Articles 196
  47. 1830, May 21 Jump Jim Crow 201
  48. 1831, March 5 The Cherokee Nation decision 205
  49. 1832, July 10 President Jackson’s bank veto 210
  50. 1835, January Democracy in America 215
  51. 1835 William Gilmore Simms, The Yemassee 221
  52. 1835 The Sacred Harp 225
  53. 1836, February 23–March 6 The Alamo and Texas border writing 230
  54. 1836, February 28 Richard Henry Dana, Jr. 235
  55. 1837, August 15 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” 239
  56. 1838, July 15 “The Divinity School Address” 244
  57. 1838, September 3 The slave narrative 249
  58. 1841 “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 254
  59. 1846, June James Russell Lowell’s Biglow Papers 259
  60. 1846, late July Henry David Thoreau 263
  61. 1850 The Scarlet Letter 268
  62. 1850, July 19 Margaret Fuller and the Transcendentalist Movement 273
  63. 1850, August 5 Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville 278
  64. 1851 Moby-Dick 283
  65. 1851 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 287
  66. 1852 Hawthorne’s Blithedale Romance and utopian communities 292
  67. 1852, July 5 Frederick Douglass, “What to the slave is the Fourth of July?” 297
  68. 1854 Maria Cummins and sentimental fiction 302
  69. 1855 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass 306
  70. 1858 The Lincoln-Douglas debates 312
  71. 1859 The science of the Indian 317
  72. 1861 Emily Dickinson 322
  73. 1862, December 13 The journeys of Little Women 328
  74. 1865, March 4 Lincoln’s second inaugural address 333
  75. 1865 “Conditions of repose” 338
  76. 1869, March 4 Carl Schurz 344
  77. 1872, November 5 All men and women are created equal 349
  78. 1875 The Winchester Rifle 353
  79. 1876, January 6 Melville in the dark 358
  80. 1876, March 10 The art of telephony 362
  81. 1878 “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” 366
  82. 1879 John Muir and nature writing 371
  83. 1881, January 24 Henry James, Portrait of a Lady 375
  84. 1884 Mark Twain’s hairball 380
  85. 1884, July The Linotype machine 384
  86. 1884, November The Southwest imagined 387
  87. 1885 The problem of error 392
  88. 1885, July Limits to violence 397
  89. 1885, October Writing New Orleans 401
  90. 1888 The introduction of motion pictures 406
  91. 1889, August 28 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 410
  92. 1893 Chief Simon Pokagon and Native American literature 415
  93. 1895 Ida B. Wells, A Red Record 420
  94. 1896 Paul Laurence Dunbar, Lyrics of Lowly Life 425
  95. 1896, September 6 Queen Lili‘uokalani 429
  96. 1897, Memorial Day The Robert Gould Shaw and 54th Regiment Monument 434
  97. 1898, June 22 Literature and imperialism 440
  98. 1899; 1924 McTeague and Greed 445
  99. 1900 Henry Adams 450
  100. 1900 The Wizard of Oz 455
  101. 1900; 1905 Sister Carrie and The House of Mirth 459
  102. 1901 Charles W. Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition 464
  103. 1901; 1903 The problem of the color line 469
  104. 1903, May 5 “The real American has not yet arrived” 473
  105. 1903 The invention of the blues 478
  106. 1903 One sees what one sees 482
  107. 1904, August 30 Henry James in America 488
  108. 1905, October 15 Little Nemo in Slumberland 493
  109. 1906, April 9 The Azusa Street revival 498
  110. 1906, April 18, 5:14 a.m. The San Francisco Earthquake 503
  111. 1911 “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” 507
  112. 1912, April 15 Lifeboats cut adrift 512
  113. 1912 The lure of impossible things 517
  114. 1912 Tarzan begins his reign 522
  115. 1913 A modernist moment 526
  116. 1915 D. W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation 531
  117. 1915 Robert Frost 536
  118. 1917 The philosopher and the millionaire 540
  119. 1920, August 10 Mamie Smith’s “Crazy Blues” 545
  120. 1921 Jean Toomer 550
  121. 1922 T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence 554
  122. 1923, October Chaplinesque 559
  123. 1924 F. O. Matthiessen meets Russell Cheney 564
  124. 1924, May 26 The Johnson-Reed Act and ethnic literature 569
  125. 1925 The Great Gatsby 574
  126. 1925, June Sinclair Lewis 580
  127. 1925, July The Scopes trial 584
  128. 1925, August 16 Dorothy Parker 588
  129. 1926 Fire 593
  130. 1926 Hardboiled 598
  131. 1926 The Book-of-the-Month Club 602
  132. 1927 Carl Sandburg and The American Songbag 607
  133. 1927, May 16 “Free to develop their faculties” 612
  134. 1928, April 8, Easter Sunday Dilsey Gibson goes to church 617
  135. 1928, Summer John Dos Passos 622
  136. 1928, November 18 The mouse that whistled 627
  137. 1930 “You’re swell!” 632
  138. 1930, March The Silent Enemy 636
  139. 1930, October Grant Wood’s American Gothic 640
  140. 1931, March 19 Nevada legalizes gambling 644
  141. 1932 Edmund Wilson, The American Jitters 649
  142. 1932 Arthur Miller 654
  143. 1932, April or May The River Rouge plant and industrial beauty 659
  144. 1932, Christmas Ned Cobb 663
  145. 1933 Baby Face is censored 668
  146. 1933, March FDR’s first Fireside Chat 672
  147. 1934, September Robert Penn Warren 677
  148. 1935 The Popular Front 683
  149. 1935 The skyscraper 689
  150. 1935, June 10 Alcoholics Anonymous 695
  151. 1935, October 10 Porgy and Bess 700
  152. 1936 Gone with the Wind and Absalom, Absalom 705
  153. 1936, July 5 Two days in Harlem 710
  154. 1936, November 23 Life begins 714
  155. 1938 Superman 719
  156. 1938, May Jelly Roll Morton speaks 724
  157. 1939 Billie Holiday, “Strange Fruit” 728
  158. 1939; 1981 Up from invisibility 732
  159. 1940 “No way like the American way” 737
  160. 1940–1944 Preston Sturges 742
  161. 1941 An insolent style 747
  162. 1941 Citizen Kane 752
  163. 1941 The word “multicultural” 757
  164. 1943 Hemingway’s paradise, Hemingway’s prose 762
  165. 1944 The second Bill of Rights 766
  166. 1945, February Bebop 770
  167. 1945, April 11 Thomas Pynchon and modern war 775
  168. 1945, August 6, 10:45 a.m. The atom bomb 780
  169. 1946, December 5 Integrating the military 786
  170. 1947, December 3 Tennessee Williams 790
  171. 1948 Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics 795
  172. 1948 Saul Bellow 799
  173. 1949–1950 “The Birth of the Cool” 804
  174. 1950, November 28 “Damned busy painting” 809
  175. 1951 A poet among painters 814
  176. 1951 The Catcher in the Rye 819
  177. 1951 James Jones, From Here to Eternity 823
  178. 1951 A soft voice 828
  179. 1952, April 12 Elia Kazan and the blacklist in Hollywood 832
  180. 1952, June 10 C. L. R. James 837
  181. 1953, January 1 The song in country music 842
  182. 1954 Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems 847
  183. 1955, August 11 “The self-respect of my people” 852
  184. 1955, September 21 A. J. Liebling and the Marciano- Moore fight 856
  185. 1955, October 7 A generation in miniature 861
  186. 1955, December Nabokov’s Lolita 866
  187. 1956, April 16 “Roll Over Beethoven” 871
  188. 1957 Dr. Seuss 876
  189. 1959 “Nobody’s perfect” 880
  190. 1960 Psycho 885
  191. 1960, January More than a game 890
  192. 1961, January 20 JFK’s inaugural address and Catch-22 895
  193. 1961, July 2 The author as advertisement 899
  194. 1962 Bob Dylan writes “Song to Woody” 904
  195. 1962 “White Elephant Art vs. Termite Art” 908
  196. 1963, April “Letter from Birmingham Jail” 913
  197. 1964 Robert Lowell, “For the Union Dead” 918
  198. 1964, October 27 “The last stand on Earth” 923
  199. 1965, September 11 The Council on Interracial Books for Children 928
  200. 1965, October The Autobiography of Malcolm X 932
  201. 1968 Norman Mailer 938
  202. 1968, March The illusory babels of language 943
  203. 1968, August 28 The plight of conservative literature 948
  204. 1969 Elizabeth Bishop, Complete Poems 953
  205. 1969, January 11 The first Asian Americans 958
  206. 1969, November 12 The eye of Vietnam 963
  207. 1970 Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker 968
  208. 1970; 1972 Linda Lovelace 973
  209. 1973 Loisaida literature 977
  210. 1973 Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck 983
  211. 1975 Gayl Jones 988
  212. 1981, March 31 Toni Morrison 993
  213. 1982 Edmund White, A Boy’s Own Story 997
  214. 1982 Wild Style 1002
  215. 1982 Maya Lin’s wall 1006
  216. 1982, November 8 Harriet Wilson 1012
  217. 1985, April 24 Henry Roth 1016
  218. 1987 Maxine Hong Kingston, Tripmaster Monkey 1020
  219. 1995 Philip Roth 1025
  220. 2001 Twenty-first-century free verse 1030
  221. 2003 Richard Powers, The Time of Our Singing 1035
  222. 2005, August 29 Hurricane Katrina 1039
  223. 2008, November 4 Barack Obama 1045
  224. Contributors 1051
  225. Index 1063
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