Material Flow and Pressure Prediction when Extruding through Bridge Dies
-
, and
Abstract
Extrusion of the alloy 6063 through bridge dies producing hollow shapes is a problem common in the aluminium industry. This communication reviews previous work on the extrusion of both hollow and solid shapes and presents methods to determine the pressure requirements and assess the difficulty of extrusion of shaped extrusions in general. Material flow through the bridge die is investigated by optical macroscopy and by use of a finite element program. It is shown that the pressure may be predicted by upper bound techniques and that the process has the same thermally activated features as that for rod extrusion. The finite element program appears to predict all the major characteristics of the flow observed macroscopically.
Literature
1 Dick, A.: UK Patent (1894), cited in: The Extrusion of Metals, C.E. Pearson and R.N. Parkins (eds), Chapman and Hall, London (1961).Search in Google Scholar
2 Dick, A.: UK Patent No. 99405, March 1897.Search in Google Scholar
3 Iwata, K.; Osakada, K.; Fujino, S.: J. Engn. forind., Trans ASME, Series B, 94 (1972) 397.Search in Google Scholar
4 Adie, J.F.; Alexander, J.M.: Int. J. of Mech. Sci. 9 (1967) 349.10.1016/0020-7403(67)90040-9Search in Google Scholar
5 Halling, J.; Mitchell, L.: Int. J. of Mech. Sci. 7 (1965) 227.Search in Google Scholar
6 Halling, J.; Mitchell, L.: Int. J. of Prod. Res. 4 (1965) 141.10.1080/00207546508919971Search in Google Scholar
7 Sheppard, T.; McShane, H.B.; Tutcher, M.G.: Powder Metall. 21 (1978) 47.10.1179/pom.1978.21.2.47Search in Google Scholar
8 Sheppard, T.; Bianchi, J.H.: J. Mech. Phys. Sol. 29 (1987) 61.Search in Google Scholar
9 Macey, G.E.; Salim, M.: Proc. 4th Int. Aluminium Extrusion Technology Seminar, Chicago, USA Aluminium Association, Washington DC, USA (1988) 247.Search in Google Scholar
10 Grasmo, G.; Holte, K.; Storen, S.; Valberg, H.; Flatval, R.; Lefstad, M.; Lohne, O.; Welo, I; Orsund, R; Herberg, J.: Proc. 5th Int. Aluminium Extrusion Technology Seminar, Chicago, USA Aluminium Association, Washington DC, USA 1 (1992) 367.Search in Google Scholar
11 Chenot, J.L.: J. Mater. Proc. Tech. 24 (1992) 9.10.1016/0924-0136(92)90085-7Search in Google Scholar
12 Dashwood, R.J.; McShane, H.B.: Proc. 6th Int. Aluminium Extrusion Technology Seminar, Chicago, USA Aluminium Association, Washington DC, USA 1 (1996) 331.Search in Google Scholar
13 Juneja, B.L.; Prakash, R.: Int. J. Mach. Tool Des. Res. 15 (1975) 1.10.1016/0020-7357(75)90002-5Search in Google Scholar
14 Prakash, R.; Khan, O.H.: Int. J. Mach. Tool Des. Res. 19 (1979) 1.10.1016/0020-7357(79)90017-9Search in Google Scholar
15 Nagpal, V.; Altan, T.: Proc. 3rd N. Am. Met. Res. Cong: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1975) 26.Search in Google Scholar
16 Nagpal, V.; Billhardt, C.F.; Altan, T.: J. Engn. Ind. Trans. ASME 101 (1979) 319.10.1115/1.3439513Search in Google Scholar
17 Basily, B.B.; Sansome, D.H.: Int. J. Mech. Sci. 18 (1976) 201.10.1016/0020-7403(76)90026-6Search in Google Scholar
18 Boer, C.R.; Avitzur, B.; Schneider, W.R.; Eliasson, B.: 20th Int. Mach. Tool. Des. Res. Conf., Manchester, McMillan & Co., London, UK (1979) 149.10.1007/978-1-349-05172-4_17Search in Google Scholar
19 Yang, D.Y.; Lee, C.H.: Int. J. Mech. Sci. 20 (1978) 541.10.1016/0020-7403(78)90012-7Search in Google Scholar
20 Yang, D.Y.; Im, M.U.K.; Lee, C.H.: IUTAM Symposium Metal Forming Plasticity, Germany, DGM Informationsgesellschaft, Oberursel (1979) 2041.Search in Google Scholar
21 Yang, D.Y.; Lange, K.: Int. J. Mech. Sci. 26 (1984) 1.10.1016/0020-7403(84)90037-7Search in Google Scholar
22 Kiuchi, M.; Kishi, H.; Ishikawa, M.: J. Jap. Soc. Technol. Plas. 24 (1982) 296.Search in Google Scholar
23 Ktuehi, M.: Proc. 12th NAMRC TMS, Warrendale, PA (1984) 111-119.Search in Google Scholar
24 Yang, D.Y.; Han, C.H.; Lee, B.C.: Int. J. Mech. Sci., 27(1985) 653.10.1016/0020-7403(85)90047-5Search in Google Scholar
25 Akeret, R.: Aluminium 68 (1992) 877.Search in Google Scholar
26 Akeret, R.: J. Inst. Metals, 100(1) (1972) 202.Search in Google Scholar
27 Valberg, H.; Hansen, A.W.; Loeland, J.O.: Proc. 3rd Int. Aluminium Extrusion, Technology Seminar, Atlanta, USA Aluminium Association, Washington DC, USA (1984) 203.Search in Google Scholar
28 Valberg, H.; Groenseth, R.A.: as Ref. [10] 337.Search in Google Scholar
29 Valberg, H.; Groenseth, R.A.: Int. J. Mater. & Prod. Techn. 8 (1993) 1.Search in Google Scholar
30 Matsuoko, T.; Watanabe, T.; Yamaguchi, H.: as Ref. [9] 369.Search in Google Scholar
31 Barry, W.G.: as Ref. [27] 271.Search in Google Scholar
32 Sheppard, T: Mater. Sci. & Techn. 9 (1993) 430.10.1179/mst.1993.9.5.430Search in Google Scholar
33 Sheppard, T.; Wood, E.P: Proc. 17th MTDR Birmingham, (eds) McMillan & Co., London (1976) 411-421.Search in Google Scholar
34 Sheppard, T.; Vierod, R.P.: Mater. Sei. Techn. 1 (1985) 321.10.1179/mst.1985.1.4.321Search in Google Scholar
35 Feltham, P.: Metal Treatment 23 (1956) 440.Search in Google Scholar
36 Sheppard, T; Tutcher, M.G.: Metals Techn. 7 (1980) 488.10.1179/030716980803286982Search in Google Scholar
37 Castle, A.F.: “Continuum and Structural Aspects of Aluminium Alloy Extrusion”, PhD Thesis, University of London, Imperial College (1974).Search in Google Scholar
38 Wood, E.P.: “Extrusion of Shaped Aluminium Alloy Sections”, PhD Thesis, University of London, Imperial College (1978).Search in Google Scholar
39 Sheppard, T.: Proc. 6th Int. Aluminium Extraction Technology Sem. Aluminium Association, Washington DC, USA (1996) 163.Search in Google Scholar
40 Reiso, O.; Johnsen, V: as Ref. [10] 503.Search in Google Scholar
41 Parson, N.C.; Hankin, J.D.; Bryant, A.J.: as Ref. [10] 13.Search in Google Scholar
42 Sheppard, I; Castle, A.F.: Metals Techn. 2 (1976) 465.10.1179/030716976803392123Search in Google Scholar
43 Farag, M.M.; Sellars, C.M.: Metals Techn. 1 (1975) 220.10.1179/030716975803277410Search in Google Scholar
44 Hinesley, C.P; Conrad, H.: Mater. Sei. Eng. 12 (1973) 47.10.1016/0025-5416(73)90071-2Search in Google Scholar
45 Clode, M.P.: “Extrusion of Aluminium Alloy”, Ph. D. thesis. University of London, Imperial College (1987).Search in Google Scholar
© 1998 Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Aufsätze
- Solid State Sintering of Cemented Carbides – An Experimental Study
- Sintering of WC–Co Under Axial Load
- Material Flow and Pressure Prediction when Extruding through Bridge Dies
- Influence of a Grain Size Gradient on the Profile and Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Titanium
- Tribologische Untersuchungen an einer NiTi- Formgedächtnislegierung sowie an Ni und Ti unter Variation der Belastung
- Effect of Copper on the Creep Behaviour of Gravity-cast Zinc–Aluminium-based ZA-8 Alloy
- Microstructural Aspects of Serrated Yielding Behavior in the Al–Li 8090 Alloy
- New Methods to Produce Electrocatalytic Lead (IV) Dioxide Coatings on Titanium and Stainless Steel
- Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Surface Tension of Molten Salt Mixtures in Common Ion Alkali–Halide Systems
- Non-destructive Microstructure Examination of Boiler Tubes Using Penning Discharge Micro-Sputtering Technique
- Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V.
- Personen
- Buchbesprechungen
- From the web
- Terminkalender
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Aufsätze
- Solid State Sintering of Cemented Carbides – An Experimental Study
- Sintering of WC–Co Under Axial Load
- Material Flow and Pressure Prediction when Extruding through Bridge Dies
- Influence of a Grain Size Gradient on the Profile and Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Titanium
- Tribologische Untersuchungen an einer NiTi- Formgedächtnislegierung sowie an Ni und Ti unter Variation der Belastung
- Effect of Copper on the Creep Behaviour of Gravity-cast Zinc–Aluminium-based ZA-8 Alloy
- Microstructural Aspects of Serrated Yielding Behavior in the Al–Li 8090 Alloy
- New Methods to Produce Electrocatalytic Lead (IV) Dioxide Coatings on Titanium and Stainless Steel
- Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Surface Tension of Molten Salt Mixtures in Common Ion Alkali–Halide Systems
- Non-destructive Microstructure Examination of Boiler Tubes Using Penning Discharge Micro-Sputtering Technique
- Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V.
- Personen
- Buchbesprechungen
- From the web
- Terminkalender