The Effect of the Changing Microstructure on the Fatigue Behaviour During Cyclic Rolling Contact Loading

A. P. Voskamp; E. J. Mittemeijer

doi:10.3139/ijmr-1997-0056

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The Effect of the Changing Microstructure on the Fatigue Behaviour During Cyclic Rolling Contact Loading

A. P. Voskamp and E. J. Mittemeijer

Published/Copyright: November 30, 2021

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From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 88 Issue 4

Abstract

During rolling contact fatigue of the inner rings of ball bearings three stages of material response can be distinguished, in terms of the volume that is plastically deformed upon overrolling. After a first stage of material strengthening during which a decrease occurs for the volume that is deformed plastically, an effectively stationary, second stage is entered which is eventually succeeded by a third stage exhibiting a pronounced increase of the volume that is deformed plastically upon overrolling, which leads to failure. It is suggested that carbon diffusion induced by local temperature peaks occurring at the moment of overrolling is the key mechanism leading to fatigue damage. The amount of decomposed retained austenite is a useful, practical parameter to assess fatigue life. It is shown that published ideas about the role of certain components of residual stress in enhancing fatigue life are not correct and that the so-called Palmgren-Miner rule, as applied in practice, and the risk volume defined by Lundberg and Palmgren are inappropriate for assessing fatigue life.

A. P. Voskamp SKF Engineering and Research Centre B.V., P.O. Box 2350, 3430 DT Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

Eric J. Mittemeijer Laboratory of Materials Science, Delft University of Technology, Rotterdamseweg 137, 2628 AL Delft, The Netherlands (16764)

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Appendix. Mechanism of Subsurface Crack Growth

Propagation of subsurface cracks due to rolling contact loading is thought to occur as follows (see Fig. A1). A ball rolls under a normal load (indicated with the arrow z pointing at the ball/inner ring contact area at A) over the surface from position A to position D. Below the surface a crack is assumed to be present in the region of altered microstructure. This crack has already developed over a distance several times the extent of the rolling contact area (the extent of the contact area in the overrolling direction is indicated with the two vertical, dotted lines placed symmetrically around the centre of the contact; see at B and C in Fig. A1). When the surface above the crack is not overrolled by a ball, the crack tends to be open by the action of both the tensile residual stress working in the surface normal direction [2] and the Poisson contraction effect of the compressive residual stresses working in the axial and circumferential directions [2]. The so-called leading tip of the crack, i.e. the tip of the crack that is reached first by the travelling ball load induced stress field (in this case approaching the crack tip from the left), tends to close upon overrolling as a result of the applied compressive stress working in the surface normal direction. The load-induced stress field travels to the right by the motion of the ball and thus the “closed part” of the crack moves in the same direction along the length of the crack.

Fig. A1

A ball travels from left to right (A!D) over the inner ring surface above a region containing a subsurface crack. The bottom part of the figure provides a schematic presentation of the stress beneath the ball in the inner ring at the depth of the crack (only the stress component in surface normal direction (the z direction in the figure) is shown). Regions momentarily not overrolled experience a tensile residual stress [2]. In regions below a rolling contact a resultant stress of compressive nature occurs by superposition of the (much larger) compressive load-induced stress and the tensile residual stress. A peak value of tensile stress is indicated at the trailing tip just before closure of the tip upon overrolling, (situation C in the figure); see further text.

Due to the load-induced travelling shear stresses, τ_xz and τ_yz (where x and y denote the circumferential (overrolling) and axial directions, respectively and z the depth direction), acting in the plane of the crack, both crack faces will move along each other in opposite directions, both in axial and circumferential directions, during a single overrolling event [35]. This action leads to a complicated state of stress at the so-called trailing tip, i.e. the tip of the crack that is reached last by the travelling ball load induced stress field, once the ball-load induced stress field approaches position C.

It is suggested that just before closure of the trailing tip of the crack and due to the displacement of the crack faces under the action of the above indicated shear stresses, a maximum value of tensile stress in the surface normal direction occurs at the trailing tip. Consequently, the trailing tip of the crack is stimulated to propagate somewhat, just before closure of the trailing tip by movement of the ball from C onwards. For the crack growth promoting effect of a tensile stress component perpendicular to the crack faces, see also [36].

Received: 1996-08-01

Published Online: 2021-11-30

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https://doi.org/10.3139/ijmr-1997-0056