Tapioca Starch-poly (lactic acid)-based Nanocomposite Foams as Affected by Type of Nanoclay
-
S.-Y. Lee
Abstract
Tapioca starch (TS), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and clay nanocomposite foams, with three clays (Cloisite 30B, Na+, and 20A), were prepared by melt-intercalation method. The structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Instron universal testing machine, respectively. XRD results indicated that the intercalation of TS/PLA into the nanoclay layers occurred for all three clays. The extents of intercalation depended on the types of clay and were exhibited in the sequence of Cloisite 30B>Na+ > 20A. At the same time, a mixture of intercalation and tactoid phenomena was observed for the TS/PLA/Cloisite Na+ nanocomposite. SEM results indicated a decrease in cell size of the TS/PLA foam matrix with the addition of nanoclay and cells had hexagonal and pentagonal shapes. Melting temperature (Tm) decreased with the addition of clays into TS/PLA matrix. Expansion ratios of the nanocomposites were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other. TS/PLA/Cloisite Na+ nanocomposite had the highest expansion ratio of 20.9 compared to its TS/PLA/Cloisite 20A (9.65) and TS/PLA/Cloisite 30B counterparts (8.23). Addition of Cloisite Na+ resulted in the lowest unit density of 0.046 kg/m3, while no significant differences in unit density were observed for the foams with addition of Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 20A. Bulk spring index (BSI) was influenced significantly (p<0.05) with the addition of nanoclays into the TS/PLA matrix. TS/PLA/Cloisite Na+ nanocomposite had the lowest BSI of 0.936. The bulk compressibility was decreased from 14.1MPa for pure tapioca starch foam to 4.45MPa with the addition of PLA. The nanocomposite with Cloisite 30B showed the highest value of 17.4MPa, followed by those with Cloisite 20A (10.4MPa), and Cloisite Na+ (6.47MPa).
References
Artzi, N., et al., “Melt Blending of Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposites: Effect of the Clay Type and Processing Conditions”, J. Polym. Sci.,: Part B: Polym. Phys., 40, 1741–1753 (2002)10.1002/polb.10236Search in Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, S., Hanna, M. A., “Effect of Lipids on Physico-Chemical Properties of Extruded Corn Starch”, ASAE Paper No. 916541. St. Joseph, Mich. (1991)Search in Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, S., Hanna, M. A., “Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Starch-Based Plastic Foams”, Trans. ASAE, 38, 567–571 (1995)Search in Google Scholar
Chang, J.-H., et al., “Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposites with Different Clays: Pristine Clays and Clays”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 3208–3214 (2003)10.1002/app.12996Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Patent 5496895 (1993) Chinnaswamy, R., Hanna, M. A.Search in Google Scholar
Chiou, B.-S., et al., “Effects of Processing Conditions on Nanoclay Dispersion in Starch-Clay Nanocomposites”, Cereal. Chem., 83(3), 300–305 (2006)10.1094/CC-83-0300Search in Google Scholar
Choi, W. M., et al., “Preparation and Characterization of Poly (Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate)-Clay Nanocomposite”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 525–529 (2003)10.1002/app.12702Search in Google Scholar
Dennis, H. R., et al., “Effect of Melt Processing Conditions on the Extent of Exfoliation in Clay-Based Nanocomposites”, Polymer, 42, 9513–9522 (2001)10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00473-6Search in Google Scholar
Di, Y., et al., “Poly(Lactic Acid)/Clay Nanocomposites: Thermal, Rheological Properties and Foam Processing”, J. Polym. Sci.,: Part B: Polym. Phys., 43, 689–698 (2005)10.1002/polb.20366Search in Google Scholar
Fang, Q., Hanna, M. A., “Rheological Properties of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Poly (Lactic Acid) Polymers”, Ind. Crops and Prod., 10, 47–53 (1999)10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00009-6Search in Google Scholar
Fang, Q., Hanna, M. A., “Functional Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) Starch-Based Loose-Fill Packaging Foams”, Cereal Chem., 77(6), 779–783 (2000)10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.6.779Search in Google Scholar
Fujimoto, Y., Ray, S., Okamoto, M., Ogami, A., Yamada, K., Ueda, K., “Well-Controlled Biodegradable Nanocomposite Foams: From Microcellular to Nanocellular”, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 24, 457–461 (2003)10.1002/marc.200390068Search in Google Scholar
Guan, J., Hanna, M. A., “Post-Extrusion Steaming of Starch Acetate Foams”, Trans. ASAE, 46 (6), 1613–1624 (2003)10.13031/2013.15624Search in Google Scholar
Hwang, M. P., et al., “Bulk Densities of Cookies Undergoing Commercial Baking Process”, J. Food Sci., 45(5), 1400–1402, 1407 (1980)10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06563.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hu, X., Lesser, A. J., “Effect of a Silicate Filler on the Crystal Morphology of Poly(Trimethylene Terephatahlate)/Clay Nanocomposites”, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 41, 2275–2289 (2003)10.1002/polb.10592Search in Google Scholar
Ishida, H., et al., “General Approach to Nanocomposite Preparation”, Chem. Mater., 12, 1260–1267 (2000)10.1021/cm990479ySearch in Google Scholar
Kawasumi, M., et al., “Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Clay Hybrids”, Macromolecules, 30, 6333–6338 (1997)10.1021/ma961786hSearch in Google Scholar
Kalambur, S., Rizvi, S. S. H., “Macromolecules and Functionally Superior Starch-Polyester Nanocomposites from Reactive Extrusion”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96, 1072–1082 (2005)10.1002/app.21504Search in Google Scholar
Ke, T., Sun, X., “Physical Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) and Starch Composites with Various Blending Ratios”, Cereal Chem., 77 (6), 761–768 (2000)10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.6.761Search in Google Scholar
Lee, L. J., et al., “Polymer Nanocomposite Foams”, J. Comp. Sci. Tech., 65, 2344–2363 (2005)10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.016Search in Google Scholar
Lee, R. S., et al., “Microstructure, Tensile properties, and Biodegradability of Aliphatic Polyester/Clay Nanocomposites”, Polymer, 43, 2495–2500 (2002)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00012-5Search in Google Scholar
Li, X. C., Ha, C.-S., “Nanostructure of EVA/Clay Nanocomposites: Effects of Kinds of Clay and Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto EVA”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87, 1901–1909 (2003)10.1002/app.11922Search in Google Scholar
Lim, Y. T., Park, O. O., “Rheological Evidence for the Microstructure of Intercalated Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites”, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, 231–235 (2000)10.1002/(SICI)1521-3927(20000301)21:5<231::AID-MARC231>3.0.CO;2-3Search in Google Scholar
Morgan, A. B., “Flame Retarded Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: A Review of Commercial and Open Literature Systems”, Polym. Adv. Technol., 17, 206–217 (2006)10.1002/pat.685Search in Google Scholar
Nam, P. H., et al., “A Hierarchical Structure and Properties of Intercalated Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites”, Polymer, 42, 9633–9640 (2001)10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00512-2Search in Google Scholar
Park, H.-M., et al., “Environmentally Friendly Polymer Hybrids: Part I Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties of the Thermoplastic Starch/Clay Nanocomposites”, J. Mater. Sci., 38, 909–915 (2003)10.1023/A:1022308705231Search in Google Scholar
Park, J. W., et al., “Biodegradable Polymer Blends of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) and Gelatinized Starch”, Polym. J. Eng. Sci., 40, 12, 2539–2550 (2000)Search in Google Scholar
Paul, M.-A., et al., “New Nanocomposite Materials Based on Plasticized Poly (L-Lactide) and Organo-Modified Montmorillonites: Thermal and Morphological Study”, Polymer, 44, 443–450 (2003)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00778-4Search in Google Scholar
Pluta, M., et al., “Polylactide/Montnorillonite Nanocomposites and Microcomposites Prepared by Melt Blending: Structure and Some Physical Properties”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 86, 1497–1506 (2002)10.1002/app.11309Search in Google Scholar
Pluta, M., “Morphology and Properties of Polylactide Modified by Thermal Treatment, Filling with Layered Silicates and Plasticization”, Polymer, 45, 8239–8251 (2004)10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.057Search in Google Scholar
Pollet, E., et al., “New Aliphatic Polyester Layered-Silicate Nanocomposites, in Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics, Chiellini, E., Solaro, R., (Eds.)”, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, p. 327–350 (2002)10.1007/978-1-4419-9240-6_22Search in Google Scholar
Rangari, V. K., et al., “Cloisite Clay-Infused Phenolic Foam Nanocomposites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103, 308–314 (2007)10.1002/app.25287Search in Google Scholar
Ray, S. S., et al., “New Polylactide/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. 1. Preparation, Characterization and Properties”, Macromolecules, 35, 3104–3110 (2002)10.1021/ma0210731Search in Google Scholar
Ray, S. S., et al., “Structure – Property Relationship in Biodegradable Poly (Butylene Succinate)/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites”, Macromolecules, 36, 2355–2367 (2003a)10.1021/ma021728ySearch in Google Scholar
Ray, S. S., et al., “New Polylactide-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. 2. Concurrent Improvements of Material Properties, Biodegradability and Melt Rheology”, Polymer, 44, 867–866 (2003b)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00804-2Search in Google Scholar
Shuov, F. A., “Cellular Structure and Properties of Foamed Polymers”, in Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology, Kelmpner, D., Frisch, K. C. (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y, p. 17–46 (1997)Search in Google Scholar
Simmons, S., Thomas, E. L., “Structural characteristics of Biodegradable Rhermoplastic Starch/Poly (Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol) Blends”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 58, 2259–2285 (1995)10.1002/app.1995.070581215Search in Google Scholar
Stevens, E. S., “Chapter 7 The Reemergence of Bioplastics”, in Green Plastics – An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 104–134 (2002)10.1515/9780691214177-009Search in Google Scholar
Tanoue, S., et al., “Effect of Screw Rotation Speed on the Properties of Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites Prepared by a Twin-Screw Extruder”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 101, 1165–1173 (2006)10.1002/app.24004Search in Google Scholar
Vaia, R. A., Giannelis, E. P., “Lattice Model of Polymer Melt Intercalation in Organically-Modified Layered Silicates”, Macromol., 30, 7990–7999 (1997)10.1021/ma9514333Search in Google Scholar
Vaia, R. A., Giannelis, E. P., “Polymer Melt Intercalation in Organically-Modified Layered Silicates: Model Predictions and Experiment”, Macromolecules, 30, 8000–8009 (1997)10.1021/ma9603488Search in Google Scholar
Wang, K. H., et al., “Morphology and Physical Properties of Polyethylene/Silicate Nanocomposite Prepared by Melt Intercalation”, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys, 40, 1454–1463 (2002)10.1002/polb.10201Search in Google Scholar
Xu, Y. X., et al., “Melt-Intercalated Starch Acetate Nanocomposite Foams as Affected by Type of Clay”, Cereal Chem., 82, 105–110 (2005)10.1094/CC-82-0105Search in Google Scholar
Yuen, J.-H., et al., “Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite Films: Thermo Optical Properties, Morphology, and Gas Permeability”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 101, 591–596 (2006)10.1002/app.23372Search in Google Scholar
© 2007, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Editorial
- Special Issue on Biobased Polymers
- Invited Papers
- Crystallization and Mechanical Propertiesof Poly (D, L) Lactide-based Blown Films
- Rheological Behavior and Modeling of Thermal Degradation of Poly(∊-Caprolactone) and Poly(L-Lactide)
- Rheological Evaluation and Observations of Extrusion Instabilities of Biodegradable Polyesters
- Biaxial Orientation of Polylactide/Thermoplastic Starch Blends
- Effects of Starch Types on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Starch Composites
- Solid and Microcellular Polylactide-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
- Tapioca Starch-poly (lactic acid)-based Nanocomposite Foams as Affected by Type of Nanoclay
- Injection Molded Solid and Microcellular Polylactide Compounded with Recycled Paper Shopping Bag Fibers
- Fabrication of Porous 3-D Structure from Poly(L-lactide)-based Nanocomposite Foam via Enzymatic Degradation
- The Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of a Series of 3-Hydroxybutyrate-based Copolymers
- New Developments in Biodegradable Starch-based Nanocomposites
- Viscous Properties of Thermoplastic Starches from Different Botanical Origin
- Thermoplastic Foams from Zein and Gelatin
- Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Based Plastics through Formulation and Processing
- Biocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Apple and Radish Pulp
- Preparation and Properties of Metallocene-catalyzed PE/Starch Nanocomposites: Role of Nanocompatibilizer
- Evaluation of Properties and Biodeterioration Potential of Polyethylene and Aliphatic Polyester Blends
- PPS News
- PPP News
- Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Editorial
- Special Issue on Biobased Polymers
- Invited Papers
- Crystallization and Mechanical Propertiesof Poly (D, L) Lactide-based Blown Films
- Rheological Behavior and Modeling of Thermal Degradation of Poly(∊-Caprolactone) and Poly(L-Lactide)
- Rheological Evaluation and Observations of Extrusion Instabilities of Biodegradable Polyesters
- Biaxial Orientation of Polylactide/Thermoplastic Starch Blends
- Effects of Starch Types on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Starch Composites
- Solid and Microcellular Polylactide-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
- Tapioca Starch-poly (lactic acid)-based Nanocomposite Foams as Affected by Type of Nanoclay
- Injection Molded Solid and Microcellular Polylactide Compounded with Recycled Paper Shopping Bag Fibers
- Fabrication of Porous 3-D Structure from Poly(L-lactide)-based Nanocomposite Foam via Enzymatic Degradation
- The Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of a Series of 3-Hydroxybutyrate-based Copolymers
- New Developments in Biodegradable Starch-based Nanocomposites
- Viscous Properties of Thermoplastic Starches from Different Botanical Origin
- Thermoplastic Foams from Zein and Gelatin
- Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Based Plastics through Formulation and Processing
- Biocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Apple and Radish Pulp
- Preparation and Properties of Metallocene-catalyzed PE/Starch Nanocomposites: Role of Nanocompatibilizer
- Evaluation of Properties and Biodeterioration Potential of Polyethylene and Aliphatic Polyester Blends
- PPS News
- PPP News
- Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei-Kakou Abstracts