Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides as Innovative High Temperature Lightweight Structural Materials – How Materialographic Methods Have Contributed to Their Development
-
and
Abstract
The present article is considered the continuation of the two review articles “Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminid-Basislegierungen aus metallographischer Sicht” (“Intermetallic γ titanium aluminide based alloys from a metallographic point of view”) by H. Clemens and F. Jeglitsch in Pract. Metallogr. 37 (2000) 194 – 217 and “Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminid-Basislegierungen aus metallographischer Sicht – eine Fortsetzung” (“Intermetallic γ titanium aluminide based alloy from a metallographic point of view – a continuation”) by H. Clemens and S. Mayer in Pract. Metallogr. 48 (2011) 64 – 100. With reference to a γ TiAl based alloy specifically developed for aircraft engines, the so-called TNM alloy, this third and concluding part describes how materialographic methods, in combination with a targeted use of complementary investigation methods, have contributed to their development, manufacture, and processing, and, eventually, to their industrial launch. In this context, the alloy development strategy is discussed and representative microstructures and nanostructures are shown and described after different processing and heat treatment processes. Selected case studies from materialographic examinations are presented and interpreted using, for each and every of these aspects, approaches from the fields of physical metallurgy und metal physics.
Kurzfassung
Der vorliegende Artikel versteht sich als Fortsetzung der beiden Übersichtsartikel „Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminid-Basislegierungen aus metallographischer Sicht“ von H. Clemens und F. Jeglitsch in Prakt. Metallogr. 37 (2000) 194 – 217 und „Intermetallische γ-Titanaluminid-Basislegierungen aus metallographischer Sicht – eine Fortsetzung“ von H. Clemens und S. Mayer in Prakt. Metallogr. 48 (2011) 64 – 100. Dieser dritte und abschließende Teil beschreibt am Beispiel einer speziell für Flugzeugtriebwerke entwickelten γ-TiAl-Basislegierung, der so genannten TNM-Legierung, wie materialographische Methoden mit gezieltem Einsatz von komplementären Untersuchungsverfahren zu ihrer Entwicklung, Herstellung und Verarbeitung und schlussendlich zu ihrer industriellen Einführung beigetragen haben. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Strategie bei der Legierungsentwicklung erörtert, wie auch repräsentative Mikro- und Nanostrukturen nach unterschiedlichen Verarbeitungs- und Wärmebehandlungsprozessen dargestellt und beschrieben. Zu jedem dieser Punkte werden Fallbeispiele aus materialographischen Untersuchungen gezeigt, die unter Verwendung metallkundlicher und metallphysikalischer Ansätze interpretiert werden.
References / Literatur
[1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999Search in Google Scholar
[2] Clemens, H.; Kestler, H.: Adv. Eng. Mater.9 (2000), 551–57010.1002/1527-2648(200009)2:9<551::AID-ADEM551>3.0.CO;2-USearch in Google Scholar
[3] Kim, Y.-W.; Morris, D.; Yang, R.; Leyens, C.: Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, 2008Search in Google Scholar
[4] Baker, I.; Heilmaier, M.; Kumar, S.; Yoshimi, K.: Intermetallic-Based Alloys – Science, Technology and Applications, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1516, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013Search in Google Scholar
[5] Clemens, H.; Smarsly, W.: Adv. Mater. Res.278 (2011), 551–55610.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.278.551Search in Google Scholar
[6] Appel, F.; Paul, J.D.H.; Oehring, M.: Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys – Science and Technology, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 201110.1002/9783527636204Search in Google Scholar
[7] Clemens, H; Jeglitsch, F.: Prakt. Metallogr.37 (2000), 194–21710.1515/pm-2000-370404Search in Google Scholar
[8] Clemens, H; Mayer, S.: Prakt. Metallogr.48 (2011), 64–10010.3139/147.110106Search in Google Scholar
[9] Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Adv. Eng. Mater.15 (2013), 191–21510.1002/adem.201200231Search in Google Scholar
[10] Hautmann, D.: Report, MTU Aero Engines, München, 2013, 24–29Search in Google Scholar
[11] MTU Aero Engines, Press Release, 2015Search in Google Scholar
[12] Gaitzenauer, A.; Müller, M.; Clemens, H.; Voigt, P.; Hempel, R.; Mayer, S.: Optimized Hot-Forming of an Intermetallic Multi-Phase γ-TiAl Based Alloy, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1516, I.Baker, M.Heilmaier, S.Kumar, K.Yoshimi (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 201310.1557/opl.2012.1561Search in Google Scholar
[13] Chladil, H.F.; Clemens, H.; Otto, A.; Güther, V.; Kremmer, S.; Bartels, A.; Gerling, R.: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte151 (2006), 356–36110.1007/BF03165196Search in Google Scholar
[14] Clemens, H.; Wallgram, W.; Kremmer, S.; Otto, A.; Güther, V.; Bartels, A.: Adv. Eng. Mater.10 (2008), 707–71310.1002/adem.200800164Search in Google Scholar
[15] Clemens, H.; Chladil, H.F.; Wallgram, W.; Zickler, G.A.; Gerling, R.; Liss, K.-D.; Kremmer, S.; Güther, V.; Smarsly, W.: Intermetallics16 (2008), 827–83310.1016/j.intermet.2008.03.008Search in Google Scholar
[16] Wallgram, W.; Schmoelzer, T.; Das, G.; Güther, V.; Clemens, H.: Int. J. Mat. Res.100 (2009), 1021–103010.3139/146.110154Search in Google Scholar
[17] Saunders, N.: Phase Equilibria in Multi-Component γ-TiAl Based Alloys, in: Gamma Titanium Aluminides, Y.-W.Kim, D.M.Dimiduk, M.H.Loretto (Eds.), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, 1999Search in Google Scholar
[18] Chladil, H.F.; Clemens, H.; Zickler, G.A.; Takeyama, M.; Kozeschnik, E.; Bartels, A.; Bulaps, T.; Gerling, R.; Kremmer, S.; Yeoh, L.; Liss, K.-D.: Int. J. Mat. Res.98 (2007), 1131–113710.3139/146.101569Search in Google Scholar
[19] Werner, R.; Schloffer, M.; Schwaighofer, E.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Thermodynamic Calculations of Phase Equilibria and Phase Fractions of a β-Solidifying TiAl Alloy using CALPHAD Approach, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1516, I.Baker, M.Heilmaier, S.Kumar, K.Yoshimi (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 201310.1557/opl.2012.1680Search in Google Scholar
[20] Schwaighofer, E.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.; Lindemann, J.; Klose, J.; Smarsly, W.; Güther, V.: Intermetallics44 (2014), 128–14010.1016/j.intermet.2013.09.010Search in Google Scholar
[21] Clemens, H.; Boeck, B.; Wallgram, W.; Schmoelzer, T.; Droessler, L.M.; Zickler, G.A.; Leitner, H.; Otto, A.: Experimental Studies and Thermodynamic Simulations of Phase Transformations in Ti-(41-45)Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B Alloys, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1128, M.Palm, B.P.Bewlay, M.Takeyama, J.M.K.Wiezorek, Y.-H.He (Eds.), Materials Research Society (MRS), Warrendale, 2009Search in Google Scholar
[22] Kremmer, S.; Chladil, H.F.; Clemens, H.; Otto, A.; Güther, V.: Near Conventional Forging of Titanium Aluminides, in: Ti-2007 Science and Technology, M.Niinomi, S.Akiyama, M.Hagiwari, M.Ikeda, K.Maruyama (Eds.), The Japan Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 2008Search in Google Scholar
[23] Huber, D.; ClemensH.; Stockinger, M.: Near Conventional Forging of an Advanced TiAl Alloy, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1516, I.Baker, M.Heilmaier, S.Kumar, K.Yoshimi (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 201310.1557/opl.2012.1665Search in Google Scholar
[24] Schmoelzer, T.; Liss, K.-D.; Zickler, G.A.; Watson, I.J.; Droessler, L.M.; Wallgram, W.; Clemens, H.: Intermetallics18 (2010), 1544–155210.1016/j.intermet.2010.04.008Search in Google Scholar
[25] Schmoelzer, T.; Liss, K.-D.; Staron, P.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.: Adv. Eng. Mater.13 (2011), 685–69910.1002/adem.201000296Search in Google Scholar
[26] Reimers, W.; Pyzalla, A.R.; Schreyer, A.; ClemensH.: Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation in Engineering Materials Science – From Fundamentals to Material and Component Characterization, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 200810.1002/9783527621927Search in Google Scholar
[27] Liss, K.-D.; Bartels, A.; Schreyer, A.; Clemens, H.: Texture. Microstruct.35 (2003), 219–25210.1080/07303300310001634952Search in Google Scholar
[28] Watson, I.; Liss, K.-D.; Clemens, H.; Wallgram, W.; Schmoelzer, T.; Hansen, T.; Reid, M.: Adv. Eng. Mater.11 (2009), 932–93710.1002/adem.200900169Search in Google Scholar
[29] Rizzi, N.: Presentation, Symposium "Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications", TMS 2008 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 9–13.03.2008Search in Google Scholar
[30] Skalli, O.; Tschofen, J.: Presentation, Gamma Alloy Technology 2013, Toulouse, 11–14.06.201310.1016/S1350-4789(13)70426-4Search in Google Scholar
[31] Scheu, C.; Stergar, E.; Schober, M.; Cha, L.; Clemens, H.; Bartels, A.; Schimansky, F.-P.; Cerezo, A.: Acta Mater.57 (2009), 1504–151110.1016/j.actamat.2008.11.037Search in Google Scholar
[32] Klein, T.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Schachermayer, M.; Rashkova, B.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Distribution of Alloying Elements within the Constituent Phases of a C-Containing γ-TiAl Based Alloy studied by Atom Probe Tomography, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1760, I.Baker, M.Heilmaier, K.Kishida, M.Mills, S.Miura (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 201410.1557/opl.2014.966Search in Google Scholar
[33] Klein, T.; Schachermayer, M.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Schöberl, T.; Rashkova, B.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Acta Mater.94 (2015), 205–21310.1016/j.actamat.2015.04.055Search in Google Scholar
[34] Scheu, C.; Cha, L.; Sturm, S.; Chladil, H.F.; Mayrhofer, P.H.; Clemens, H.; Bartels, A.; Wolf, W.; Podloucky, R.: Structure Models of Massively Transformed High Niobium Containing TiAl Alloys, in: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 980, I.Wiezorek, C.L.Fu, M.Takeyama, D.Morris, H.Clemens (Eds.), Materials Research Society (MRS), Pittsburgh, 200710.1557/PROC-980-0980-II05-01Search in Google Scholar
[35] Holec, D.; Legut, D.; Isaeva, L.; Souvatzis, P.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Intermetallics61 (2015), 85–9010.1016/j.intermet.2015.03.001Search in Google Scholar
[36] Achtermann, M.; Güther, V.; Klose, J.; Nicolei, H.-P.: Presentation, 4th International Workshop on Titanium Aluminides, Nuremberg, 14–16.09.2011Search in Google Scholar
[37] Peters, M.; Hemptenmacher, J.; Kumpfert, J.; Leyens, C.: Structure and Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, in: Titanium and Titanium Alloys, C.Leyens, M.Peters (Eds.), WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 200310.1002/3527602119.ch1Search in Google Scholar
[38] Klein, T.; Niknafs, S.; Dippenaar, R.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Adv. Eng. Mater.17 (2015), 786–79010.1002/adem.201400336Search in Google Scholar
[39] Klein, T.; Niknafs, S.; Dippenaar, R.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Pract. Metallogr.52 (2015), 259–26910.3139/147.110341Search in Google Scholar
[40] Schloffer, M.; Schmoelzer, T.; Mayer, S.; Schwaighofer, E.; Hawranek, G.; Schimansky, F.-P.; Pyczak, F.; Clemens, H.: Prakt. Metallogr.48 (2011), 594–60410.3139/147.110138Search in Google Scholar
[41] Phelan, D.; Reid, M.; Stanford, N.; Dippenaar, R.: JOM58 (2006), 67–6910.1007/s11837-006-0086-9Search in Google Scholar
[42] Leyens, C.; Peters, M.: Titanium and Titanium Alloys, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 200310.1002/3527602119Search in Google Scholar
[43] Blackburn, M.: Some Aspects of Phase Transformations in Titanium Alloys, in: The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium, Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, 197010.1016/B978-0-08-006564-9.50071-3Search in Google Scholar
[44] Schloffer, M.; Iqbal, F.; Gabrisch, H.; Schwaighofer, E.; Schimansky, F.-P.; Mayer, S.; Stark, A.; Lippmann, T.; Göken, M.; Pyczak, F.; Clemens, H.: Intermetallics22 (2012), 231–24010.1016/j.intermet.2011.11.015Search in Google Scholar
[45] Inkson, B.J.; Clemens, H.; Marien, J.: Scripta Metall.38 (1998), 1377–138210.1016/S1359-6462(98)00058-XSearch in Google Scholar
[46] Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Micro- and Nanostructure Evolution in Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides, in: Proc. of the 12th World Conference on Titanium, L.Zhou, H.Chang, Y.Lu, D.Xu (Eds.), Science Press, Beijing, 2012Search in Google Scholar
[47] Werner, R.; Schwaighofer, E.; Schloffer, M.; Clemens, H.; Lindemann, J.; Mayer, S.: Adv. Mater. Res.922 (2014), 807–81210.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.922.807Search in Google Scholar
[48] Semiatin, S.L.; Seetharaman, V.; Weiss, I.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A243 (1998), 1–2410.1016/S0921-5093(97)00776-4Search in Google Scholar
[49] Liss, K.-D.; Schmoelzer, T.; Yan, K.; Reid, M.; Peel, M.; Dippenaar, R.; Clemens, H.: J. Appl. Phys.106 (2009), 11352610.1063/1.3266177Search in Google Scholar
[50] Schwaighofer, E.; Clemens, H.; Lindemann, J.; Stark, A.; MayerS.: Mat. Sci. Eng. A614 (2014), 297–31010.1016/j.msea.2014.07.040Search in Google Scholar
[51] Mayer, S.; Schwaighofer, E.; Schloffer, M.; ClemensH.: Mater. Sci. Forum783–786 (2014), 2097–210210.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2097Search in Google Scholar
[52] Leitner, T.; Schloffer, M.; Mayer, S.; Eßlinger, J.; Clemens, H.; Pippan, R.: Intermetallics53 (2014), 1–910.1016/j.intermet.2014.04.005Search in Google Scholar
[53] Erdely, P.; Werner, R.; Schwaighofer, E.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Intermetallics57 (2015), 17–2410.1016/j.intermet.2014.09.011Search in Google Scholar
[54] Huang, Z.W.: Acta Mater.56 (2008), 1689–170010.1016/j.actamat.2007.12.013Search in Google Scholar
[55] Sikka, S.K.; Vohra, Y.K.; Chidambaram, R.: Prog. Mater. Sci.27 (1982), 245–31010.1016/0079-6425(82)90002-0Search in Google Scholar
[56] Bendersky, L.A.; Boettinger, W.J.; Burton, B.P.; Biancaniello, F.S.; Shoemaker, C.B.: Acta Metall. Mater.38 (1990), 931–94310.1016/0956-7151(90)90165-DSearch in Google Scholar
[57] Banerjee, S.; Tewari, R.; Dey, G.K.: Int. J. Mat. Res.97 (2006), 963–97710.3139/146.101327Search in Google Scholar
[58] Schloffer, M.; Rashkova, B.; Schöberl, T.; Schwaighofer, E.; Zhang, Z.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Acta Mater.64 (2014), 241–25210.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.036Search in Google Scholar
[59] Miller, M.K.; Forbes, R.G.: Atom-Probe Tomography: The Local Electrode Atom Probe, Springer, New York, 201410.1007/978-1-4899-7430-3Search in Google Scholar
[60] Thompson, K.; Lawrence, D.; Larson, D.J.; Olson, J.D.; Kelly, T.F.; Gorman, B.: Ultramicroscopy107 (2007), 131–13910.1016/j.ultramic.2006.06.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[61] Mayer, S.; Hawranek, G.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Panzenböck, M.; Pölzl, S.; Primig, S.; Rashkova, B.; Clemens, H.: Pract. Metallogr.52 (2015), 59–7410.3139/147.110329Search in Google Scholar
[62] Seeger, J.; Klein, J.; Mecking, H.: Prakt. Metallogr.27 (1990), 236–24110.1515/pm-1990-270504Search in Google Scholar
© 2015, Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents/Inhalt
- Contents
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Technical Contributions/Fachbeiträge
- Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides as Innovative High Temperature Lightweight Structural Materials – How Materialographic Methods Have Contributed to Their Development
- Report on the 49th Metallography Conference From 16th to 18th of September in Dresden
- An Investigation of Ant-Nest Corrosion caused by the Leakage of a Copper Tube – Finned Heat Exchanger of an Air Conditioning Unit
- Meeting Diary/Veranstaltungskalender
- Meeting Diary
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents/Inhalt
- Contents
- Editorial
- Editorial
- Technical Contributions/Fachbeiträge
- Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides as Innovative High Temperature Lightweight Structural Materials – How Materialographic Methods Have Contributed to Their Development
- Report on the 49th Metallography Conference From 16th to 18th of September in Dresden
- An Investigation of Ant-Nest Corrosion caused by the Leakage of a Copper Tube – Finned Heat Exchanger of an Air Conditioning Unit
- Meeting Diary/Veranstaltungskalender
- Meeting Diary