Impact of Artificial UV-Light on Optical and Protective Effects of Cotton After Washing with Detergent Containing Fluorescent Compounds

Tihana Dekanić; Ivo Soljačić; Tanja Pušić

doi:10.3139/113.110329

Article

Impact of Artificial UV-Light on Optical and Protective Effects of Cotton After Washing with Detergent Containing Fluorescent Compounds

Tihana Dekanić , Ivo Soljačić and Tanja Pušić

Published/Copyright: September 25, 2014

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Author Information

From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 51 Issue 5

Abstract

Bleached cotton and polyester/cotton blend fabrics were laundered at 60°C and 90°C with standard ECE detergent with addition of selected fluorescent compounds through 10 cycles. As fluorescent whitening agents for cellulosic materials are most often used in detergents, two types of these were selected – stilbene and biphenyl. UV absorber, a stilbene derivative, as a separate type of fluorescent compounds, was added on its own and in a combination with both types of fluorescent whitening agents. After each laundering cycle cotton and PES/cotton blend fabrics were exposed to artificial light for 60 and 180 minutes. Obtained optical and protective effects were monitored through whiteness degree, remission and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Optical effects of cotton fabrics laundered in a detergent containing fluorescent whitening agents of stilbene and biphenyl type exhibit considerable sensitivity to light. It was not found that irradiation reduces the UPF meaning that even decomposition products of fluorescent compounds, created by irradiation, absorb UV radiation as well.

Kurzfassung

Gewebe aus gebleichter Baumwolle und Polyester/Baumwoll-Mischungen wurden bei 60°C und 90°C mit Standard ECE-Waschmittel unter Zugabe ausgewählter optischer Aufheller 10-mal gewaschen. Da fluoreszierende Weißmacher für Cellulosematerialien in Waschmitteln häufig eingesetzt werden, wurden zwei Typen dieser Weißmacher ausgewählt: ein Stilben- und ein Biphenyltyp. Ein UV-absorberierendes Stilbenderivat, eine weitere fluoreszierende Verbindung, wurde einmal als alleiniger UV-Absorber und zum anderen in Kombination mit den beiden o.g. fluoreszierenden Weißmachertypen eingesetzt. Nach jedem Waschzyklus wurden die Baumwoll- und die PES/Baumwollgewebe für 60 bzw. 180 Minuten künstlichem UV-Licht ausgesetzt. Die optischen und schützenden Einflüsse wurden mittels Messungen des Weißgrads, der Remission und des UV-Schutzfaktors beobachtet. Baumwollgewebe, die mit Waschmitteln gewaschen wurden, die optische Aufheller vom Stilben- und Biphenyltyp enthielten, zeigten eine erhebliche Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Licht. Es wurde nicht gefunden, dass die Bestrahlung den UV-Schutzfaktor reduzierte. Das bedeutet, dass selbst die durch Bestrahlung erzeugten Zersetzungsprodukte der fluoreszierenden Verbindungen die UV-Strahlung absorbieren können.

Key words: Laundering; fluorescent whitening agents; UV absorber; light fastness; Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)

Stichwörter: Wäschewaschen; fluoreszierende Weißmacher; UV-Absorber; Lichtechtheit; UV-Schutzfaktor

* Correspondence address Tihana Dekanić, B.Sc., University of Zagreb Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Tel.: +38514877366, Fax: +38514877354, E-Mail: tdekanic@ttf.hr

Tihana Dekanić, BSc, is Assistant in Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology. Dekanić's research interests are, clothing and textile care, garment finishing, fluorescent whitening agents in detergents etc. She published 2 chapters in the book, 21 papers in scientific journals or in the book of conference proceedings and 11 professional papers. She is member of Association of Textile Engineers and Technicians of Croatia (HIST) since 2006.

Professor emeritus Ivo Soljačić was born in Zagreb. His university level of education was reached at University of Zagreb: BSc in Chemical technology from Faculty of Technology; MSc Chemical Engineering from Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; PhD Chemical Engineering from Faculty of Technology. The special research and professional interests are finishing of textiles as well as textile care. He published over 200 scientific and professional papers, five books and three scripts. His special scientific and education contribution in the field of textile technology was rewarded by University of Zagreb and Croatian Academy of Textile Sciences.

Prof. Tanja Pusic, PhD was graduated from the Faculty of Technology, University of Zagreb, in 1986. She earned her MSc in 1990 and PhD in 1997, also from the University of Zagreb. She is employed at the Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology as a senior researcher on subjects regarding textile finishing and care. Her special interests are topics as follows: bioscouring, electrokinetic phenomena, mercerization, adsorption and desorption of surfactants, detergency, fluorescent brightening agents in detergents, UV absorbers, dry and wet cleaning. She published as co-author two university books. Results of her work are presented in numerous papers published in scientific journals and books of conference proceedings. She has been a representative in the International Technical Committee for Textile care (ICTC) from 2005.

References

1. Wilzer, K. A. and Johnson, A. K.: Chemistry, Production and Application of Fluorescent whitening Agents, in: Zoller, U. and Sosis, P. (eds.), Handbook of Detergents, Part F: Production, CRC Press, New York (2009) 547. DOI: 10.1201/9781420014655Search in Google Scholar

2. Diffey, B. L.: Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems, Phys. Med. Biol.36 (1991) 299–328. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/36/3/001Search in Google Scholar

3. Gambichler, T., Rotterdam, S., Altmeyer, P. and Hoffmann, K.: Protection against ultraviolet radiation by comercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatology1 (2001) 6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-1-6Search in Google Scholar

4. Hoffmann, K., Laperre, J., Avermaete, A., Altmeyer, P. and Gambichler, T.: Defined UV Protection by Apparel Textiles, Arch Dermatol.137 (2001) 1089–1094; Dermatol.-ISSN-0003-987x-137-8-dre10006. DOI: 10-1001/pubs.Arch Search in Google Scholar

5. Nole, G. and Johnson, A. W.: An analysis of cumulative lifetime solar ultraviolet radiation exposure and the benefits of daily sun protection, Dermatologic Therapy17 (2004) 57–62; 04S1007.x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.Search in Google Scholar

6. Lautenschlager, S., Wulf, H. and Pittelkow, M. R.: Photoprotection, The Lancet370 (2007) 528–537. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60638-2Search in Google Scholar

7. Hussain, M., Shamey, R., Hinks, D., El-Shafei, A. and Ali, S. I.: Synthesis and Properties of Symetrically Substituted 4,4’-Bis(1,3,5-triazinyl)-Diamino Stilbene-2,2’-Disulfonic Acid Derivatives as UV Absorbing and Fluorescent Whitening Agents, Fibers and Polymers10 (2009) 407–412. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-009-0407-zSearch in Google Scholar

8. Tarbuk, A., GrancarićA. M., Šitum, M. and MartinisM: UV Clothing and Skin Cancer, Collegium Antropologicum.34 (2010) 179–183.Search in Google Scholar

9. AlgabaI. and RivaA.: Influence of Fiber Type and Fabric Porosity on the UPF of Summer Fabrics, AATCC Review4 (2004) 26–31.Search in Google Scholar

10. Das, B. R.: UV Radiation Protective Clothing, The Open Textile Journal3 (2010), 14–21. DOI: 10.2174/1876520301003010014Search in Google Scholar

11. Kim, J., Stone, J., Crews, P., Shelley, M. and Hatch, K. L.: Improving Knit Fabric UPF Using Consumer Laundry Products: A Comparison of Results Using Two Instruments, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal33 (2004) 141–158. DOI: 10.1177/1077727X04269185Search in Google Scholar

12. Gies, P. H., Roy, C. R., Toomey, S. and McLennan, A.: Protection against solar ultraviolet radiation, Mutation Research422 (1998) 15–22. DOI: 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00181-XSearch in Google Scholar

13. Saravanan, D.: UV protection textile materials, AUTEX Research Journal7 (2007) 53–62.Search in Google Scholar

14. Stanford, D. G., Georgouras, K. E. and Pailthorpe, M. T.: The effect of laundering on the sun protection afforded by a summer weight garment, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology5 (1995) 28–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1995.tb00430.xSearch in Google Scholar

15. Reinert, G.; Fuso, F., HilfikerR. and Schmidt, E.: UV Protecting Properties of Textile Fabrics and their Improvement, Textile Chemist and Colorists29 (1997) 36–42.Search in Google Scholar

16. Zhou, Y. and Cox Crews, P.: Efect of OBAs and Repeated Launderings on UVR Transmission through Fabrics, Textile Chemist and Colorist30 (1998) 19–24.Search in Google Scholar

17. Tarbuk, A., Grancarić, A. M., Jančijev, I. and Sharma, S.: Protection against UV radiation using modified polyester fabric, Tekstil55 (2006) 383–394.Search in Google Scholar

18. Grancarić, A. M., Tarbuk, A., Dumitrescu, I. and BišćanJ.: Influence of Fluorescent Whitening Agent Fluorescence on Ultraviolet Protection of Pretreated Cotton, AATCC Review6 (2006) 44–48.Search in Google Scholar

19. Reinert, G. and Fuso, F.: Stabilisation of textile fibres against ageing, Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics27 (1997) 32–41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-4408.1997.tb03773.xSearch in Google Scholar

20. Hilfiker, R., Kaufmann, W., Reinert, G. and Schmidt, E.: Improving sun protection of fabrics by applying UV-absorbers, Text Res. J.66 (1996) 61–70. DOI: 10.1177/004051759606600201Search in Google Scholar

21. Laperre, J., Gambichler, T., Driscoll, C., Böhringer, B., Varieras, S., Osterwalder, U., Rieker, J., Camenzind, M. and Hoffmann, K.: Determination of the ultraviolet protection factor of textile materials: measurement precision, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine17 (2001) 223–229. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2001.170504.xSearch in Google Scholar

22. Soljačić, I., Grancarić, A. M., Pećina, S. and Katović, D.: Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von optischen Aufhellern in Waschmitteln, Textilveredlung15 (1980) 242–246.Search in Google Scholar

23. Pušić, T. and Soljačić, I.: Changes in shade and ultraviolet protection of pastel dyed cotton fabrics during laundering with fluorescent compounds, Colourage56 (2009) 43–48.Search in Google Scholar

24. Wang, S. Q., Kopf, A. W., Marx, J., Bogdan, A., Polsky, D. and Bart, R. S.: Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton t-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: Clinical implications, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology44 (2001) 767–774. DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.112384Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Pušić, T. and Soljačić, I.: The Impact of Fluorescent Compounds on the Change in Shade of Pastel Colored PES/Cotton Fabrics, Tenside Surf. Det.45 (2008) 314–319. DOI: 10.3139/113.100389Search in Google Scholar

26. Heinemann, G. W. and Merkle, G.: Determination of Optical Brighteners in Laundry Detergents, in: Wakdhoff, H. and Spilker, R. (Eds.), Handbook of detergents, Part C: Analysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (2005) 487. DOI: 10.1201/9781420030334.ch10Search in Google Scholar

27. Tutak, M., Demiryürek, O., Bulut, Ş. and Haroğlu, D.: Analysis of the CIE whiteness and whiteness tint of optically whitened cellulosic fabrics, Text Res. J.81 (2011) 58–66. DOI: 10.1177/0040517510380111Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-03-13

Revised: 2014-05-12

Published Online: 2014-09-25

Published in Print: 2014-09-15

You are currently not able to access this content.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.3139/113.110329

Keywords for this article

Laundering; fluorescent whitening agents; UV absorber; light fastness; Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)