Preparation of aluminium ammonium calcium phosphates using microwave radiation
-
Kinga Łuczka
,
Daniel Sibera
Abstract
Microwave radiation was used in the acquisition of aluminium ammonium calcium phosphates. The substrates such as CaCO3, H3PO4, aqueous ammonia were reagent grade, whereas Al(OH)3 was prepared afresh. The influence of process parameters (pH 6 ± 2, molar ratios of Al3+: Ca2+: PO43− in the substrates, respectively 0.31: 0.62: 1; 0.5: 0.5: 1; 0.72: 0.36: 1) on the phase composition and the product properties was determined. Statistical software STATISTICA 10 was used for planning and evaluation of the experiments. The process parameters making it possible to acquire the material with the anticipated physicochemical properties were determined based on statistical evaluation of the planned research by the plan fractional factorial design at three levels 3(k−p). The phase composition of the samples was studied using XRD analysis. The specific surface area was calculated using the BET method and the particle size was determined by LSM. Materials with a molar ratio of Al3+: Ca2+ and Al3+: NH4+ in the range of 0.07–0.76 and 0.75–3.4, respectively, with an absorption oil number of 36–56 g per 100 g, S BET within 8.2–73 m2 g−1, and particle size in the range of 156–252 nm were obtained.
[1] Amirudin, A., Barreau, C., Hellouin, R., & Thierry, D. (1995). Evaluation of anti-corrosive pigments by pigment extract studies, atmospheric exposure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Progress in Organic Coatings, 25, 339–355. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9440(94)00546-d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9440(94)00546-D10.1016/0300-9440(94)00546-DSearch in Google Scholar
[2] Beppu, M. M., de Oliveira Lima, E. C., & Galembeck, F. (1996). Aluminum phosphate particles containing closed pores: Preparation, characterization, and use as a white pigment. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 178, 93–103. DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1996.0097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.009710.1006/jcis.1996.0097Search in Google Scholar
[3] Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., & Hunter, W. G. (2005). Statistics for experimenters: Design, innovation, and discovery. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-Interscience. Search in Google Scholar
[4] Burrell, L. S., Johnston, C. T., Schulze, D., Klein, J., White, J. L., & Hem, S. L. (2000). Aluminium phosphate adjuvants prepared by precipitation at constant pH. Part II: physicochemical properties. Vaccine, 19, 282–287. DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00162-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00162-610.1016/S0264-410X(00)00162-6Search in Google Scholar
[5] Chico, B., Simancas, J., Vega, J. M., Granizo, N., Díaz, I., de la Fuente, D., & Morcillo, M. (2008). Anticorrosive behaviour of alkyd paints formulated with ion-exchange pigments. Progress in Organic Coatings, 61, 283–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.07.033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.07.03310.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.07.033Search in Google Scholar
[6] Ciba, J. (1998). Poradnik chemika analityka. Warszawa, Poland: WNT. (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar
[7] Deyá, C., Blustein, G., del Amo, B., & Romagnoli, R. (2010). Evaluation of eco-friendly anticorrosive pigments for paints in service conditions. Progress in Organic Coatings, 69, 1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.03.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.03.01110.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.03.011Search in Google Scholar
[8] Głuszko, M. (2008). Problems of anticorrosion protection of steel structures and electro energetic equipment exploited in atmospheric conditions. Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki, 235, 1–173. (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar
[9] House, W. A. (1999). The physico-chemical conditions for the precipitation of phosphate with calcium. Environmental Technology, 20, 727–733. DOI: 10.1080/09593332008616867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0959333200861686710.1080/09593332008616867Search in Google Scholar
[10] Kic, B., Grzmil, B., & Lubkowski, K. (2009). Otrzymywanie nanokrystalicznego fosforanu glinu jako antykorozyjnego pigmentu. Przemysł Chemiczny, 88, 468–471. (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar
[11] Lagno, F., & Demopoulos, G. P. (2005). Synthesis of hydrated aluminum phosphate, AlPO4·1.5H2O (AlPO4-H3), by controlled reactive crystallization in sulfate media. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, 8033–8038. DOI: 10.1021/ie0505559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie050555910.1021/ie0505559Search in Google Scholar
[12] Liu, G., Jia, M., Zhou, Z., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Jiang, D. (2006). Synthesis and pore formation study of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphates in the presence of citric acid. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 302, 278–286. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.02610.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.026Search in Google Scholar
[13] Mastuda, T., Ogawa, O., & Taki, T. (2010). US Patent No. 7,828,884. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Search in Google Scholar
[14] Minczewski, J., & Marczenko, Z. (2005). Chemia analityczna. Warszawa, Poland: PWN. (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar
[15] Mošner, P., Kalendová, A., & Koudelka, L. (2000). Anticorrosion properties of SrO-ZnO-B2O3-P2O5 pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 45, 29–34. DOI: 10.1016/s0143-7208(00)00007-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(00)00007-310.1016/S0143-7208(00)00007-3Search in Google Scholar
[16] Müller, G., Bódis, I., Eder-Mirth, G., Kornatowski, J., & Lercher, J. A. (1997). In situ FT-IR microscopic investigation of metal substituted AlPO4-5 single crystals. Journal of Molecular Structure, 410–411, 173–178. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09578-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(96)09578-610.1016/S0022-2860(96)09578-6Search in Google Scholar
[17] Nakano, J., Murakami, M., & Okuda, M. (1987). Aluminium triphosphate-salt spray studies. Polymers Paint Colour Journal, 177, 642–645. Search in Google Scholar
[18] Park, J. H., Lee, G. D., Nishikata, A., & Tsuru, T. (2002). Anticorrosive behavior of hydroxyapatite as an environmentally friendly pigment. Corrosion Science, 44, 1087–1095. DOI: 10.1016/s0010-938x(01)00118-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00118-410.1016/S0010-938X(01)00118-4Search in Google Scholar
[19] Polish Committee for Standardization (1999). General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 5: Determination of oil absorption value. PN EN ISO 787-5:1995. Warsaw, Poland. Search in Google Scholar
[20] Rinella, J. V., White, J. L., & Hem, S. L. (1995). Effect of anions on model aluminum-adjuvant-containing vaccines. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 172, 121–130. DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1995.1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1995.123310.1006/jcis.1995.1233Search in Google Scholar
[21] Rosseto, R., dos Santos, á. C. M. A., & Galembeck, F. (2006). Hydrous non-crystalline phosphates: structure, function and a new white pigment. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 17, 1465–1472. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-50532006000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-5053200600080000210.1590/S0103-50532006000800002Search in Google Scholar
[22] Sastri, V. S. (2011). Green corrosion inhibitors: Theory and practice. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/978111801543810.1002/9781118015438Search in Google Scholar
[23] Socrates, G. (1980). Infrared characteristic group frequencies. Uxbridge, UK: Wiley. Search in Google Scholar
[24] Takahashi, M. (1984). Characteristic and applications of aluminium triphosphate as special cheemical. Polymers Paint Colour Journal, 174, 281–284. Search in Google Scholar
[25] Valente Nabais, J. M., Carrott, P. J. M., Ribeiro Carrott, M. M. L., & Menéndez, J. A. (2004). Preparation and modification of activated carbon fibres by microwave heating. Carbon, 42, 1315–1320. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.03310.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.033Search in Google Scholar
[26] Valsami-Jones, E. (2001). Calcium phosphate precipitation. Scope Newsletter, 41, 8–15. Search in Google Scholar
[27] Van Wazer, J. R. (1958). Phosphorus and its compounds. New York, NY, USA: Interscience Publishers. Search in Google Scholar
[28] Wallton, A. G., Boclin, W. J., Furedi, H., & Schwartz, A. (1967). Nucleation of calcium phosphate from solution. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 45, 2695–2701. DOI: 10.1139/v67-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v67-43910.1139/v67-439Search in Google Scholar
© 2013 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
Articles in the same Issue
- Evaluation of waste products in the synthesis of surfactants by yeasts
- Investigation of CO2 and ethylethanolamine reaction kinetics in aqueous solutions using the stopped-flow technique
- Alkali pre-treatment of Sorghum Moench for biogas production
- Modelling of kinetics of microbial degradation of simulated leachate from tobacco dust waste
- Model predictive control-based robust stabilization of a chemical reactor
- Decomposition of meta- and para-phenylphenol during ozonation process
- Treatment of effluents from a membrane bioreactor by nanofiltration using tubular membranes
- Zeolite and potting soil sorption of CO2 and NH3 evolved during co-composting of grape and tobacco waste
- Liquid-solid equilibrium for the NaCl-NaHCO3-Na2CO3-H2O system at 45°C. Validation of mixed solvent electrolyte model
- Investigation of turbulent flow field in a Kenics static mixer by Laser Doppler Anemometry
- Effect of flow-rate on ethanol separation in membrane distillation process
- Preparation of aluminium ammonium calcium phosphates using microwave radiation
- Continuous dehydrochlorination of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol to epichlorohydrin: process parameters and by-products formation
- Preparation of sterically stabilized gold nanoparticles for plasmonic applications
- Synthesis and spectroscopic characterisation of (E)-2-(2-(9-(4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-3-ethylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium, a new ligand and potential DNA intercalator
- Microwave-assisted oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide catalysed by tetrabutylammonium decatungstate
- Dynamic shape and wall correction factors of cylindrical particles falling vertically in a Newtonian liquid
- Selective oxidation of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes
Articles in the same Issue
- Evaluation of waste products in the synthesis of surfactants by yeasts
- Investigation of CO2 and ethylethanolamine reaction kinetics in aqueous solutions using the stopped-flow technique
- Alkali pre-treatment of Sorghum Moench for biogas production
- Modelling of kinetics of microbial degradation of simulated leachate from tobacco dust waste
- Model predictive control-based robust stabilization of a chemical reactor
- Decomposition of meta- and para-phenylphenol during ozonation process
- Treatment of effluents from a membrane bioreactor by nanofiltration using tubular membranes
- Zeolite and potting soil sorption of CO2 and NH3 evolved during co-composting of grape and tobacco waste
- Liquid-solid equilibrium for the NaCl-NaHCO3-Na2CO3-H2O system at 45°C. Validation of mixed solvent electrolyte model
- Investigation of turbulent flow field in a Kenics static mixer by Laser Doppler Anemometry
- Effect of flow-rate on ethanol separation in membrane distillation process
- Preparation of aluminium ammonium calcium phosphates using microwave radiation
- Continuous dehydrochlorination of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol to epichlorohydrin: process parameters and by-products formation
- Preparation of sterically stabilized gold nanoparticles for plasmonic applications
- Synthesis and spectroscopic characterisation of (E)-2-(2-(9-(4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-3-ethylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium, a new ligand and potential DNA intercalator
- Microwave-assisted oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide catalysed by tetrabutylammonium decatungstate
- Dynamic shape and wall correction factors of cylindrical particles falling vertically in a Newtonian liquid
- Selective oxidation of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes
