Galaxite, MnAl2O4, a spectroscopic standard for tetrahedrally coordinated Mn2+ in oxygen-based mineral structures
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Abstract
Chemical analyses, crystal structure refinement, cation order determination, and single-crystal optical absorption spectrum of synthetic galaxite are presented. New optical absorption spectra of natural Mn-bearing willemite, rhodochrosite, Mn-rich forsterite, and tephroite are reported for comparative purposes.
The structure of a synthetic galaxite end-member is characterized by a relatively large unit-cell edge, a0 = 8.2104(3) Å, a u-parameter equal to 0.26588(7), a T-O distance of 2.0034(6) Å, and an M-O distance of 1.9310(5) Å. Mn2+ is strongly ordered at the tetrahedral T-site as demonstrated by the refined structural formula T(Mn2+0.90Al0.10)M(Mn2+0.10Al1.90)O4.
The optical absorption spectrum of galaxite in the range 300.800 nm shows a set of five relatively sharp bands at 20 300, 22 250, 23 390, 25 970, and 27 780 cm-1 marking spin-forbidden transitions in Mn2+ at the tetrahedral site. The molar absorption coeficient of the field-independent 6A1(S) → 4Eg4A1g(G) absorption band at 23 390 cm-1 equals 1.90 L/(mol·cm), which is approximately an order of magnitude higher than for corresponding bands in spectra of compounds that contain isolated Mn2+-centered octahedra.
The calculated crystal field splitting, 10Dq, for Mn2+ at the T-site in galaxite equals 5290 cm-1. This compares well with derived 10Dq-values of 5860 and 5510 cm-1 for Mn2+ at the tetrahedral T1- and T2-site in Mn-bearing willemite. In agreement with theory, the 10Dq for Mn2+ in MnO4 tetrahedra is ca. 30% smaller than corresponding values in MnO6 octahedra. The lower Racah B-parameters of the spectroscopic data indicate that the degree of covalency of Mn2+-O bonds is higher in tetrahedra than in octahedra.
© 2015 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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